Aims Of Argument : A Brief Guide - 6th edition

Preface Note to Students About the Authors Brief Contents Boxes by Type PART ONE RESOURCES FOR READING AND WRITING ARGUMENTS Chapter 1 Understanding Argument What Is Argument? What Is Rhetoric? An Example of Argument ''You Also Have the Right to Tell a Bigot What You Think,'' LEONARD PITTS Discussion of ''You Also Have the Right...'' Pitts's Reasoning Other Appeals in Pitts's Argument Four Criteria of Mature Reasoning Mature Reasoners Are Well Informed Mature Reasoners Are Self-Critical and Open to Constructive Criticism from Others Mature Reasoners Argue with Their Audiences or Readers in Mind Mature Reasoners Know Their Arguments' Contexts What Are the Aims of Argument? Arguing to Inquire Arguing to Convince Arguing to Persuade Arguing to Mediate A Good Tool for Understanding and Writing Arguments: The Writer's Notebook Why Keep a Notebook? Chapter 2 Reading an Argument The First Encounter: Seeing the Text in Context Considering the Climate of Opinion Considering the Rhetorical Context An Argument for Critical Reading ''On Teenagers and Tattoos,'' ANDRES MARTIN The Second Encounter: Reading and Analyzing the Text Wrestling with Difficult Passages Unfamiliar Contexts Contrasting Voices and Views Allusions Specialized Vocabulary Missing Persons Passive Voice Using Paraphrase to Aid Comprehension Analyzing the Reasoning of an Argument Reading Martin's Essay Finding Parts Using Context Identifying the Claim and Reasons The Third Encounter: Responding Critically to an Argument Annotation Is Key Sample Annotations Writing Assignment: A Critical Response to a Single Argument In Part One In Part Two Other Advice for Both Parts Student Sample Essay: Critical Response to a Single Argument ''The Decorated Body,'' FRANCE BOREL A Sample Student Response: Analysis of ''The Decorated Body,''KATIE LAHEY Chapter 3 Analyzing Arguments: A Simplified Toulmin Method A Preliminary Critical Reading ''Rising to the Occasion of Our Death,'' WILLIAM F. MAY A Step-by-Step Demonstration of the Toulmin Method Analyzing the Claim Identify the Claim Look for Qualifiers Find the Exceptions Summarize the Claim Analyzing the Reasons List the Reasons Examine the Reasons Analyzing the Evidence List the Evidence Examine the Evidence Noting Refutations Summarizing Your Analysis Student Sample: An Argument for Analysis ''Capital Punishment: Society's Self-Defense,'' AMBER YOUNG A Final Note about Logical Analysis Chapter 4 Reading and Writing about Visual Arguments Understanding Visual Arguments ''Reading'' Images Analysis: Five Common Types of Visual Argument Advertisements Editorial Cartoons Public Sculpture News Photographs Graphics *''The Rise of Renewable Energy,'' DANIEL M. KAMMEN Understanding Kammen's Graphics Writing Assignments Assignment 1: Analyzing an Advertisement or Editorial Cartoon Student Sample: Analysis of Visual Rhetoric, ''A Mother's Treat,'' KELLY WILLIAMS Assignment 2: Analyzing and Creating Posters or Flyers Assignment 3: Using Visual Rhetoric to Promote Your School Assignment 4: Analyzing Your Own Visual Rhetoric Assignment 5: Writing to Convince Assignment 6: Using Graphics to Supplement Your Own Writing or Other Texts Assignment 7: Presenting Information Using PowerPoint Chapter 5 Writing Research-Based Arguments Finding an Issue Understand the Difference between a Topic and an