List of Maps xv
Preface xix
PART ONE / A NEW WORLD
1 THE COLLISION OF CULTURES 5
PRE-COLUMBIAN INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS 7 EUROPEAN VISIONS OF
AMERICA 12 THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE 14 THE VOYAGES OF
COLUMBUS 16 THE GREAT BIOLOGICAL EXCHANGE 19
PROFESSIONAL EXPLORERS 22 THE SPANISH EMPIRE 24
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 34 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH EMPIRE 37
FURTHER READING 42
2 ENGLAND AND ITS COLONIES 44
THE ENGLISH BACKGROUND 45 SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE 49
SETTLING NEW ENGLAND 61 INDIANS IN NEW ENGLAND 72
THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA 77 SETTLING THE
CAROLINAS 79 SETTLING THE MIDDLE COLONIES AND GEORGIA 83
THRIVING COLONIES 93 FURTHER READING 96
v 2
2 Page 3 4
3 COLONIAL WAYS OF LIFE 98
THE SHAPE OF EARLY AMERICA 99 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN THE
SOUTHERN COLONIES 107 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN NEW
ENGLAND 119 SOCIETY AND ECONOMY IN THE MIDDLE COLONIES 133
COLONIAL CITIES 137 THE ENLIGHTENMENT 141 THE GREAT
AWAKENING 145 FURTHER READING 149
4 THE IMPERIAL PERSPECTIVE 151
ENGLISH ADMINISTRATION OF THE COLONIES 152 THE HABIT OF SELF-GOVERNMENT
159 TROUBLED NEIGHBORS 163 THE COLONIAL
WARS 168 FURTHER READING 180
5 FROM EMPIRE TO INDEPENDENCE 182
THE HERITAGE OF WAR 183 BRITISH POLITICS 185 WESTERN LANDS
186 GRENVILLE AND THE STAMP ACT 189 FANNING THE FLAMES 196
DISCONTENT ON THE FRONTIER 201 A WORSENING CRISIS 202
SHIFTING AUTHORITY 208 INDEPENDENCE 214
FURTHER READING 218
PART TWO / BUILDING A NATION
6 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 225
1776: WASHINGTON'S NARROW ESCAPE 226 AMERICAN SOCIETY AT
WAR 229 1777: SETBACKS FOR THE BRITISH 232 1778: BOTH SIDES
REGROUP 236 THE WAR IN THE SOUTH 240 NEGOTIATIONS 247
THE POLITICAL REVOLUTION 249 THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION 252
THE EMERGENCE OF AN AMERICAN CULTURE 259
FURTHER READING 263
vi Contents 3
3 Page 4 5
7 SHAPING A FEDERAL UNION 265
THE CONFEDERATION 266 ADOPTING THE CONSTITUTION 279
FURTHER READING 295
8 THE FEDERALIST ERA 296
A NEW NATION 296 HAMILTON'S VISION OF AMERICA 302 THE
REPUBLICAN ALTERNATIVE 310 CRISES FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 312
LAND SETTLEMENT 319 TRANSFER OF POWER 323 THE ADAMS
YEARS 325 FURTHER READING 336
9 THE EARLY REPUBLIC 338
JEFFERSONIAN SIMPLICITY 341 JEFFERSON IN OFFICE 342
DIVISIONS IN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY 352 WAR INEUROPE 354
THE WAR OF 1812 359 FURTHER READING 373
PART THREE / AN EXPANSIVE NATION
10 NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM 379
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM 380 "GOOD FEELINGS" 384 CRISES
AND COMPROMISES 390 JUDICIAL NATIONALISM 394 NATIONALIST
DIPLOMACY 397 ONE-PARTY POLITICS 399 FURTHER READING 408
11 THE JACKSONIAN IMPULSE 410
SETTING THE STAGE 411 NULLIFICATION 415 JACKSON'S INDIAN
POLICY 423 THE BANK CONTROVERSY 426 VAN BUREN AND THE
NEW PARTY SYSTEM 434 ASSESSING THE JACKSON YEARS 440
FURTHER READING 442
Contents vii 4
4 Page 5 6
12 THE DYNAMICS OF GROWTH 444
AGRICULTURE AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY 445 TRANSPORTATION
AND THE NATIONAL ECONOMY 450 A COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION
460 THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRY 462 THE POPULAR CULTURE 470
IMMIGRATION 473 ORGANIZED LABOR 481 THE RISE OF THE
PROFESSIONS 486 JACKSONIAN INEQUALITY 489
FURTHER READING 490
13 AN AMERICAN RENAISSANCE: RELIGION, ROMANTICISM,
AND REFORM 492
RATIONAL RELIGION 493 THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING 495
ROMANTICISM IN AMERICA 501 THE FLOWERING OF AMERICAN
LITERATURE 506 EDUCATION 513 ANTEBELLUM REFORM 518
FURTHER READING 528
14 MANIFEST DESTINY 530
THE TYLER YEARS 531 THE WESTERN FRONTIER 533 MOVING
WEST 544 ANNEXING TEXAS 550 POLK'S PRESIDENCY 554
THE MEXICAN WAR 559 FURTHER READING 567
PART FOUR / A HOUSE DIVIDED
15 THE OLD SOUTH 573
DISTINCTIVENESS OF THE OLD SOUTH 574 WHITE SOCIETY IN THE SOUTH
581 BLACK SOCIETY IN THE SOUTH 587 THE CULTURE OF THE
SOUTHERN FRONTIER 598 ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENTS 601
FURTHER READING 608
16 THE CRISIS OF UNION 611
SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES 612 THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 619
FOREIGN ADVENTURES 626 THE KANSAS-NEBRASKA CRISIS 627
viii Contents 5
5 Page 6 7
THE DEEPENING SECTIONAL CRISIS 637 THE CENTER COMES
APART 646 FURTHER READING 653
17 THE WAR OF THE UNION 655
END OF THE WAITING GAME 656 THE BALANCE OF FORCE 661 THE
WAR'S EARLY COURSE 664 EMANCIPATION 680 WOMEN AND THE
WAR 686 GOVERNMENT DURING THE WAR 689 THE FALTERING
CONFEDERACY 695 THE CONFEDERACY'S DEFEAT 702 A MODERN
WAR 709 FURTHER READING 710
18 RECONSTRUCTION: NORTH AND SOUTH 713
THE WAR'S AFTERMATH 714 THE BATTLE OVER RECONSTRUCTION 719
RECONSTRUCTING THE SOUTH 729 THE RECONSTRUCTED SOUTH 736
THE GRANT YEARS 746 FURTHER READING 757
P ART FIVE / GROWING PAINS
19 NEW FRONTIERS: SOUTH AND WEST 761
THE NEW SOUTH 762 THE NEW WEST 778 FURTHER READING 800
20 BIG BUSINESS AND ORGANIZED LABOR 802
THE RISE OF BIG BUSINESS 803 ENTREPRENEURS 812 LABOR
CONDITIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS 821 FURTHER READING 841
21 THE EMERGENCE OF URBAN AMERICA 842
AMERICA'S MOVE TO TOWN 843 THE NEW IMMIGRATION 848
POPULAR CULTURE 856 EDUCATION AND THE PROFESSIONS 869
THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE 874 REALISM IN FACT AND FICTION
876 THE SOCIAL GOSPEL 881 EARLY EFFORTS AT URBAN REFORM
883 FURTHER READING 890
Contents ix 6
6 Page 7 8
22 GILDED-AGE POLITICS AND AGRARIAN REVOLT 891
PARADOXICAL POLITICS 892 CORRUPTION AND REFORM 895 THE
FARM PROBLEM AND AGRARIAN PROTEST MOVEMENTS 911 THE ECONOMY
AND THE SILVER SOLUTION 921 FURTHER READING 927
Part six / MODERN AMERICA
23 AN AMERICAN EMPIRE 933
TOWARD THE NEW IMPERIALISM 934 EXPANSION IN THE PACIFIC 936
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR 939 IMPERIAL RIVALRIES IN EAST ASIA 954
ROOSEVELT'S BIG STICK DIPLOMACY 956 FURTHER READING 966
24 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 967
ELEMENTS OF REFORM 968 THE MAIN FEATURES OF PROGRESSIVISM 970
ROOSEVELT'S PROGRESSIVISM 976 ROOSEVELT'S SECOND TERM 981
FROM ROOSEVELT TO TAFT 985 WILSON'S PROGRESSIVISM 991
THE LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISM 1003 FURTHER READING 1004
25 AMERICA AND THE GREAT WAR 1006
WILSON AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS 1007 AN UNEASY NEUTRALITY 1010
AMERICA'S ENTRY INTO THE WAR 1023 "THE DECISIVE POWER" 1029
THE FIGHT FOR THE PEACE AT HOME AND ABROAD 1035 LURCHING
FROM WAR TO PEACE 1042 FURTHER READING 1048
26 THE MODERN TEMPER 1049
REACTION IN THE TWENTIES 1050 THE ROARING TWENTIES 1059
THE CULTURE OF MODERNISM 1071 FURTHER READING 1079
27 REPUBLICAN RESURGENCE AND DECLINE 1081
"NORMALCY" 1082 THE NEW ERA 1090 PRESIDENT HOOVER, THE
ENGINEER 1103 FURTHER READING 1115
x Contents 7
7 Page 8 9
28 NEW DEAL AMERICA 1116
FROM HOOVERISM TO THE NEW DEAL 1117 RECOVERY THROUGH
REGULATION 1128 THE HUMAN COST OF THE DEPRESSION 1134
CULTURE IN THE THIRTIES 1139 THE SECOND NEW DEAL 1142
ROOSEVELT'S SECOND TERM 1149 THE LEGACY OF THE NEW DEAL
1157 FURTHER READING 1160
29 FROM ISOLATION TO GLOBAL WAR 1161
POSTWAR ISOLATIONISM 1161 WAR CLOUDS 1168 THE STORM IN
EUROPE 1178 THE STORM IN THE PACIFIC 1184
FURTHER READING 1190
30 THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1191
AMERICA'S EARLY BATTLES 1192 MOBILIZATION AT HOME 1194
SOCIAL EFFECTS OF THE WAR 1198 THE ALLIED DRIVE TOWARD BERLIN
1204 LEAPFROGGING TO TOKYO 1217 A NEW AGE IS BORN 1222
THE FINAL LEDGER 1234 FURTHER READING 1235
Part seven / THE AMERICAN AGE
31 THE FAIR DEAL AND CONTAINMENT 1241
DEMOBILIZATION UNDER TRUMAN 1242 THE COLD WAR 1248 CIVIL
RIGHTS DURING THE 1940S 1258 THE COLD WAR HEATS UP 1266
FURTHER READING 1277
32 THROUGH THE PICTURE WINDOW: SOCIETY AND CULTURE,
1945 1960 1278
PEOPLE OF PLENTY 1279 A CONFORMING CULTURE 1288 CRACKS IN
THE PICTURE WINDOW 1293 ALIENATION AND LIBERATION 1296
A PARADOXICAL ERA 1303 FURTHER READING 1305
33 CONFLICT AND DEADLOCK: THE EISENHOWER YEARS 1306
"TIME FOR A CHANGE" 1307 EISENHOWER'S HIDDEN-HAND PRESIDENCY
1309 FOREIGN INTERVENTION 1315 REELECTION AND
Contents xi 8
8 Page 9 10
FOREIGN CRISES 1322 FESTERING PROBLEMS ABROAD 1328 THE
EARLY CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 1332 ASSESSING THE EISENHOWER YEARS
1337 FURTHER READING 1339
34 NEW FRONTIERS: POLITICS AND SOCIAL CHANGE
IN THE 1960S 1340
THE NEW FRONTIER 1341 EXPANSION OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
1347 FOREIGN FRONTIERS 1352 LYNDON JOHNSON AND THE GREAT
SOCIETY 1359 FROM CIVIL RIGHTS TO BLACK POWER 1366 THE
TRAGEDY OF VIETNAM 1370 SIXTIES CRESCENDO 1377 FURTHER
READING 1380
35 REBELLION AND REACTION IN THE 1960S AND 1970S 1382
THE ROOTS OF REBELLION 1383 NIXON AND VIETNAM 1401 NIXON
AND MIDDLE AMERICA 1407 NIXON TRIUMPHANT 1412 WATERGATE
1416 AN UNELECTED PRESIDENT 1420 THE CARTER INTERREGNUM
1423 FURTHER READING 1430
36 A CONSERVATIVE INSURGENCY 1432
THE REAGAN REVOLUTION 1433 REAGAN'S FIRST TERM 1438
REAGAN'S SECOND TERM 1445 THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION 1456
FURTHER READING 1466
37 TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY:
AMERICA AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY 1467
AMERICA'S CHANGING FACE 1468 CULTURAL CONSERVATISM 1473
BUSH TO CLINTON 1474 DOMESTIC POLICY IN CLINTON'S FIRST TERM
1480 REPUBLICAN INSURGENCY 1484 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
TRENDS OF THE 1990S 1488 THE ELECTION OF 2000 1497
FURTHER READING 1511
xii Contents 9
9 Page 10 11
GLOSSARY A1
APPENDIX A41
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE A43 ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION A48 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES A56
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS A76 ADMISSION OF STATES A84
POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES A85 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED
STATES, FISCAL YEARS 1820 1998 A86 IMMIGRATION BY REGION AND
SELECTED COUNTRY OF LAST RESIDENCE, FISCAL YEARS 1820 1999 A88
PRESIDENTS, VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND SECRETARIES OF STATE A95
CREDITS A101
INDEX A109
Contents xiii 10
10 Page 11 12
MAPS
The First Migration 6
Pre-Columbian Indian Civilizations in Mesoamerica
and South America 8
Pre-Columbian Indian Civilizations in North America 10
Norse Discoveries 13
Columbus's Voyages 19
Spanish and Portuguese Explorations 23
Spanish Explorations of the Mainland 30
English, French, and Dutch Explorations 38
Land Grants to the Virginia Company 50
Early Virginia and Maryland 60
Early New England Settlements 64
The West Indies, 1600 1800 67
Early Settlements in the South 79
The Middle Colonies 89
European Settlements and Indian Tribes in Early America 94 95
The African Slave Trade, 1500 1800 114
Atlantic Trade Routes 126
Major Immigrant Groups in Colonial America 135
The French in North America 164
Major Campaigns of the French and Indian Wars 173
North America, 1713 178
North America, 1763 179
The Frontier in the 1760s 187
Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775 209
Major Campaigns in New York and New Jersey, 1776 1777 227
Major Campaigns of 1777: Saratoga and Philadelphia 233
xv 11
11 Page 12 13
Western Campaigns, 1776 1779 238
Major Campaigns in the South, 1778 1781 242
Yorktown, 1781 245
North America, 1783 248
Western Land Cessions, 1781 1802 269
The Old Northwest, 1785 271
The Vote on the Constitution 292
The Treaty of Greenville, 1795 316
Pinckney's Treaty, 1795 319
Election of 1800 334
Explorations of the Louisiana Purchase 349
The War of 1812: Major Northern Campaigns 364
The War of 1812: Major Southern Campaigns 366
The National Road, 1811 1838 383
Boundary Treaties, 1818 1819 387
The Missouri Compromise, 1820 393
Election of 1828 407
Indian Removal, 1820 1840 426
Election of 1840 440
Population Density, 1820 448
Population Density, 1860 449
Transportation West, About 1840 452 453
The Growth of Railroads, 1850 456
The Growth of Railroads, 1860 457
The Growth of Industry, 1840s 467
The Growth of Cities, 1820 469
The Growth of Cities, 1860 469
The Mormon Trek, 1830 1851 501
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842 533
Wagon Trails West 540
Election of 1844 555
The Oregon Dispute, 1818 1846 558
The Mexican War: Major Campaigns 563
Cotton Production, 1821 576
Population Growth and Cotton Production, 1821 1859 577
Slave Population, 1820 590
Slave Population, 1860 590
Compromise of 1850 622
xvi Maps 12
12 Page 13 14
The Gadsden Purchase, 1853 628
The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 630
Election of 1856 636
Election of 1860 649
Secession, 1860 1861 658
First Bull Run, July 21, 1861 665
Campaigns in the West, February April 1862 672
The Peninsular Campaign, 1862 674
Campaigns in Virginia and Maryland, 1862 678
Vicksburg, 1863 696
Campaigns in the East, 1863 698
Grant in Virginia, 1864 1865 704
Sherman's Campaigns, 1864 1865 707
Reconstruction, 1865 1877 746
Election of 1876 755
Sharecropping and Tenancy, 1880 1900 765
The New West 784 785
Indian Wars, 1864 1890 787
Transcontinental Railroad Lines, 1880s 808
The Emergence of Cities, 1880 844
The Emergence of Cities, 1920 845
Women's Suffrage, 1896 1914 887
Election of 1896 926
Spanish-American War: The Pacific, 1898 945
Spanish-American War: The Caribbean, 1898 947
U. S. Interests in the Pacific 950
U. S. Interests in the Caribbean 960
Election of 1912 995
Europe at War, 1914 1012
The Western Front, 1918 1031
Europe after Versailles 1039
Election of 1932 1120
The Tennessee Valley Authority 1132
Aggression in Europe, 1935 1939 1173
Japanese Expansion before Pearl Harbor 1186
Military Alliances in 1942 1206
War in Europe and Africa, 1942 1945 1210 1211
The War in the Pacific, 1942 1945 1218 1219
Maps xvii 13
13 Page 14
Occupation of Germany and Austria 1256
Election of 1948 1265
The Korean War, 1950 1271
The Korean War, 1950 1953 1271
Election of 1952 1310
Postwar Alliances: The Far East 1321
Postwar Alliances: Europe, North Africa, the Middle East 1324
Election of 1960 1344
Vietnam, 1966 1372
Election of 1968 1379
Election of 1980 1437
Election of 1988 1457
xviii Maps 14
