PART 1: A SENSE OF THE UNIVERSE
1. PROLOGUE: THE UNIVERSE
A Sense of Scale A Deeper View Measuring System
A Deeper View Exponential Notation
A Sense of Speed
A Sense of Time
2. THE EARLY HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
Egyptian and Other Early Astronomy
Greek Astronomy: The Earth at the Center
In Review: Ptolemaic Terms
A Deeper Discussion: Eratosthenes and the Size of the Earth
Other Ancient Astronomy
Astronomy of the Middle Ages
A Deeper Discussion: Stellar Parallaxes and the Motion of the Earth
Nicolaus Copernicus: The Sun at the Center
Tycho Brahe
Biography: Copernicus and His Contemporaries
Feature: Archaeoastronomy
Biography Tycho Brahe
3. THE ORIGIN OF MODERN ASTRONOMY
Johannes Kepler
Biography: Johannes Kepler
In Review: Summary of Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
Galileo
Biography: Galileo
Isaac Newton
A Deeper Discussion: Kepler's Third Law, Newton, and Planetary Masses
Biography Isaac Newton
4. LIGHT AND TELESCOPES
The Spectrum
What a Telescope Is
A Deeper Discussion: Angular Measure
Lenses and Telescopes
Reflecting Telescopes
Light-Gathering Power and Seeing
Spectroscopy
Spectral Lines
The Doppler Effect
Observing at Short Wavelengths
Observing at Long Wavelengths
5. OBSERVATORIES AND SPACECRAFT
Optical Observatories
Wide-Field Telescopes
The Hubble Space Telescope
Recording the Data
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Observing at Short Wavelengths
Astronomer's Notebook: A Night at Mauna Kea
Observing at Long Wavelengths
6. THE SKY AND THE CALENDAR
The Constellations
Twinkling
Coordinate Systems
Motions in the Sky
Positions of the Sun, Moon, and Planets
Time and the International Date Line
Calendars
PART 2: THE SOLAR SYSTEM
7. THE STRUCTURE AND ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The Sun: Our Star
The Phases of the Moon and Planets
Eclipses
Astronomer's Notebook: A Solar Eclipse Expedition
The Revolution and Rotation of the Planets
Theories of Cosmogony
8. OUR EARTH
The Earth's Interior
Plate Tectonics
Tides
The Earth's Atmosphere
Water, Global Warming, the Ozone Hole, and Life
In Review: Global Warming vs
Ozone Hole
The Van Allen Belts
The Aurora and the Magnetosphere
9. OUR MOON
The Appearance of the Moon
Lunar Exploration
A Deeper Discussion: Sidereal and Synodic Periods
The Results from Apollo
A Deeper Discussion: Radioactivity
The Origin of the Moon
Current and Future Lunar Studies
10. MERCURY
The Rotation of Mercury
Ground-Based Visual Observations
Mariner 10, the Only Spacecraft to Mercury
What's In a Name? Naming the Features of Mercury
Mercury Research Rejuvenated
More Mercury Missions at Last
11. VENUS
The Atmosphere of Venus
Transits of Venus
The Rotation of Venus
The Temperature of Venus
The Surface of Venus
Space Studies of Venus
What's In a Name? Naming the Features of Venus
12. MARS
Characteristics of Mars
Early Space Observations
Main Features of Mars's Surface and Atmosphere
Viking Orbiters
Viking Landers
Satellites of Mars
Failed Missions to Mars
Mars Pathfinder
Mars Global Surveyor
Future Mars Missions
Rocks from Mars
13. JUPITER
Fundamental Properties
Jupiter's Moons: Early Views
Spacecraft Observations
A Deeper Discussion: Jupiter's Satellites in Mythology
A Deeper Discussion: Comet Shoemaker-Levy Crashes Into Jupiter
Jupiter's Moons Close Up
Jupiter's Ring
Future Study of Jupiter
A Deeper Discussion: Gravity Assists
14. SATURN
Saturn from the Earth
A Deeper Discussion: The Roche Limit
A Deeper Discussion: Cassini's Division
Saturn from Space
Beyond Saturn
Cassini
15. URANUS
Uranus Seen from Earth
The Rotation of Uranus
Uranus's Rings
Voyager 2 at Uranus
What's In a Name? Naming the Moons of Uranus
16. NEPTUNE
Neptune from Earth
Voyager 2 at Neptune
Neptune's Rings
Neptune's Moons
What's In a Name? Naming the Rings of Neptune
Voyager Departs
Current Observations of Neptune
17. PLUTO AND THE KUIPER BELT
Pluto's Mass
Pluto's Size and Surface
Pluto's Atmosphere
What Is Pluto? Pluto and the Kuiper Belt
Further Planets in Our Solar System? Pluto Express
18. EXTRASOLARPLANETS: NEW SOLAR SYSTEMS
Older Searches for Planets
Pulsar Planets
Extrasolar Planets in Sunlike Systems
Brown Dwarfs
Solar Systems in Formation
19. HALLEY'S AND OTHER COMETS
Observing Comets
The Composition of Comets
A Deeper Discussion: Discovering a Comet
The Origin and Evolution of Comets
Halley's Comet
Chiron and the Centaurs
A Comet Crashes on Jupiter
Future Comet Studies
20. METEORITES AND ASTEROIDS
Meteoroids and Meteorites
A Deeper Discussion: The Tunguska Explosion
Asteroids
A Deeper Discussion: The Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Photo Gallery: Eros: Asteroid Orbited Up Close
Asteroids Observed from Space
21. LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE
The Origin of Life
Other Solar Systems? The Statistics of Extraterrestrial Life
A Deeper Discussion: The Probability of Life in the Universe
Interstellar Communication
The Search for Intelligent Life
UFOs and the Scientific Method
PART 3: THE SUN
22. OUR STAR, THE SUN
The Photosphere
The Chromosphere
The Corona
Solar Eclipses
23. SOLAR ACTIVITY AND THE EARTH
Sunspots
A Deeper Discussion: The Origin of Sunspots
Flares
Photo Gallery: Solar Observatories in Space
Plages, Filaments, and Prominences
Solar-Terrestrial Relations
The Solar Wind
The Solar Constant
PART 4: THE STARS
24. STARS AND THEIR SPECTRA
The Colors of the Stars
A Deeper Discussion: Wien's Displacement Law
Planck's Law and Black Bodies
A Deeper Discussion: The Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The Formation of Spectral Lines
The Hydrogen Spectrum
Spectral Types
In Review K
25. STELLAR DISTANCES AND MOTIONS
Light from the Stars
Stellar Distances
Absolute Magnitudes
A Deeper Discussion: Linking Apparent Magnitude, Absolute Magnitude, and Distance
The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Spectroscopic Parallax
The Doppler Effect
Stellar Motions
26. DOUBLES, VARIABLES, AND CLUSTERS
Binary Stars
Stellar Masses
Stellar Sizes
Variable Stars
A Deeper Discussion: Naming Variable Stars
Clusters and Stellar Populations
A Deeper Discussion: Comparing Types of Star Clusters
PART 5: STELLAR EVOLUTION
27. THE BIRTH, YOUTH, AND MIDDLE AGE OF STARS
Stars in Formation
Nuclear Energy in Stars
Atoms
Energy Cycles in Stars
The Stellar Prime of Life
The Solar Neutrino Experiment
Dying Stars
28. THE AGING AND DEATH OF STARS LIKE THE SUN
Red Giants
Planetary Nebulae
White Dwarfs
Observing White Dwarfs
Novae Astronomer's Notebook: Observing with the Hubble Space Telescope
29. SUPERNOVAE
Red Supergiants
Types of Supernovae
Detecting Supernovae
Supernovae and Their Remnants
Supernova 1987A
Cosmic Rays
30. PULSARS AND NEUTRON STARS
Neutron Stars
The Discovery of Pulsars
What Are Pulsars? The Crab, Pulsars, and Supernovae
Slowing Pulsars and the Fast Pulsar
The Binary Pulsar and Pulsar Planets
Gravitational Waves
X-Ray Binaries
SS433: The Star That Is Coming and Going
31. BLACK HOLES
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
A Deeper Discussion: The Special and General Theories of Relativity
The Formation of a Stellar Black Hole
In Review: Updike on Relativity
The Photon Sphere
The Event Horizon
Rotating Black Holes
Detecting a Black Hole
Non-stellar Black Holes
PART 6: THE MILKY WAY GALAXY
32. THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILKY WAY GALAXY
Nebulae
The New Subdivision of Our Galaxy
The Center of Our Galaxy and Infrared Studies
All-Sky Maps of Our Galaxy
The Spiral Structure of the Galaxy
33. THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM
H I and H II Regions
Interstellar Dust
A Deeper Discussion: Why Is the Sky Blue? A Deeper Discussion: Mapping in the Infrared Sky
The Radio Spectral Line from Interstellar Hydrogen
Photo Gallery: New Views of Nebulae
Radio Spectral Lines from Molecules
Measuring the Mass of Our Galaxy
Molecular Hydrogen
The Formation of Stars
A Case Study: The Orion Molecular Cloud
PART 7: GALAXIES AND COSMOLOGY
34. TYPES OF GALAXIES
Types of Galaxies
The Hubble Classification
The Centers of Galaxies
Interacting Galaxies
Clusters of Galaxies
Galactic Arcs and Gravitational Lensing
Active Galaxies
Radio Interferometry Astronomer's Notebook: Observin with the VLA
35. GALAXIES AND THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE
Hubble's Law
The Expanding Universe
The Distance Scale of the Universe
Finding Hubble's Constant
Motions, Gravitational Pulls, Evolution, and Hubble's Constant
Superclusters and the Great Wall
The Most Distant Galaxies
The Origin of Galaxies
36. QUASARS
The Discovery of Quasars
The Redshift in Quasars
The Importance of Quasars
Feeding the Monster
The Origin of the Redshifts
Associations of Galaxies with Quasars
Quasars with the Hubble Space Telescope
Superluminal Velocities
Quasars at Short Wavelengths
Double Quasars
37. COSMOLOGY
Olbers's Paradox
The Big-Bang Theory
A Deeper Discussion: Einstein's Principle of Equivalence
The Steady-State Theory
The Cosmic Background Radiation
38. THE PAST AND FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE
The Creation of the Elements
The Future of the Universe
Forces in the Universe
Superstrings and Shadow Matter
The Inflationary Universe
Cosmic String and Texture
The Hubble Deep Field
In Review: Keeping Strings Straight
COBE: Has It Shown the Link to the Big Bang? Epilogue
Appendices
Selected Readings
Glossary
Illustration Acknowledgments
Index