General Chemistry / With CD - ISBN10: 0534358721; ISBN13: 9780534358723

ISBN10: 0534358721
ISBN13: 9780534358723
Edition/Copyright: 3RD 99

This book is also known as:
ISBN10: 0534363989
ISBN13: 9780534363987

Publisher: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Cover: Hardback
Year Published: 1999
Weight: 5.3lbs.
Used Condition: Good/Excellent

General Chemistry / With CD

by Jean Umland and Jon M. Bellama


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Summary

Table of Contents

In this revision of their highly respected book, Umland and Bellama offer students an accurate, up-to-date, comprehensive, and easy-to-understand presentation of general chemistry. Unlike many texts for the course, this one introduces reactions in the very first chapter, thus allowing students to get into real chemistry from the start. Using a conversational writing style complete with everyday analogies, applications, humor, and points of interest, the authors build on what students already know about chemistry. They show students how chemists think by integrating descriptive chemistry and theory. Starting with Chapter 1, and continuing in Chapters 4, 8, 11, and 21, the authors explain WHY chemical reactions occur rather than simply describe what happens. Many margin notes, photographs, boxes, and application problems supply a wealth of facts about chemicals and chemical reactions. Examples include both common organic compounds and important inorganic compounds. Applications to astronomy, biology, biochemistry, environmental chemistry, geology, and industrial chemistry as well as everyday life help students see the relevance of chemistry to their future coursework, their future careers, and their everyday lives.

The book's Active Learning Approach has been expertly developed for introductory students. Chapters open with an engaging introduction, written to relate the chapter content to material the student may already be familiar with. These opening vignettes motivate students by pointing out how the material in the coming chapter is important to them.
Each chapter interweaves short paragraphs with practice problems and sample problems designed to reinforce material critical for practical and conceptual understanding.
Sample Problems in every chapter provide students with detailed examples that teach them to use a logical approach to problem solving rather than to simply memorize procedures. Dimensional analysis is taught as a method for checking answers and encouraging reason when evaluating an outcome.
Practice Problems give students the chance to reinforce their understanding of skills and concepts and to work problems similar to the examples . By incorporating these regularly throughout the chapter, the authors provide opportunities for students to gain a much greater understanding of the material.
End-of-chapter material includes Additional Practice Problems, Stop and Test Yourself multiple-choice questions, Putting Things Together problems that require students to combine skills from different sections of the book, and Applications problems that deal with real-world applications of chemistry. See details below.
Additional Practice Problems--drill-and-practice problems similar to in-chapter Practice Problems--provide a reference directing the student to the section of the chapter in which related material is covered. The authors purposely leave some problems un-referenced to provide students valuable practice at classifying problem types so they develop a more intuitive understanding of concepts.
Stop and Test Yourself Problems are multiple-choice self-tests which cover the basic skills and concepts so that students can quickly check their readiness to advance to higher level problems that follow. Answers are provided in a helpful Appendix and are cross-referenced to content within the chapter so students can go back for review.
Putting Things Together problems encourage critical thinking and reinforce a deeper understanding of chapter material by requiring that students assimilate several concepts in order to complete one problem. These problems assemble concepts from several chapters or bring together multiple concepts from within the chapter in review.
Applications problems require students to apply chemical skills and concepts from within the chapter to real world situations. Because of their relation to the real world, these problems are also an excellent source for in-class discussion.
Answers to all in-chapter problems are provided in Appendix H, and complete solutions are provided in the Student Solutions Manual for additional reinforcement.
The authors� central goal is that students learn to THINK SCIENTIFICALLY as an outcome of completing the general chemistry course. To reinforce this goal, reactions are introduced early and theory and descriptive chemistry are integrated throughout.
Reactions, introduced in Chapter 1, are integrated throughout relevant chapters in the form of text marginal notes, footnotes, Related Topics boxes, and Applications problems.
Guest Essays, placed between chapters, provide students with a unique perspective on the importance of chemistry in life through the eyes of guest experts, including a Forensic Scientist with the Illinois State Police, a Freelance Science Journalist, a Lawyer, an Art Conservator, and a Package Production Manager for a microbrewery in Seattle. Many serve as excellent role models.
Students will receive access to InfoTrac College Edition--a fully searchable online university library that includes full articles from more than 600 periodicals. InfoTrac College Edition allows anytime, anywhere access to thousands of articles from such periodicals as Discover and Science World. Students can print complete articles and join in online chat sessions.
A new version of the DISCOVER CHEMISTRY CD-ROM is now included with every copy of the text! This multimedia CD-ROM by Jeff Appling and David Frank offers a highly dynamic, interactive encounter with chemistry, including video of actual experiments, animations that enhance students� ability to visualize and understand chemistry at the molecular level, and a wide variety of web-based resources.
A new Text-Supporting Web Site includes a wealth of information for students using the text and instructors teaching the general chemistry course, including links to related sites of interest, direct contact to the authors of GENERAL CHEMISTRY, access to a demonstration of DISCOVER CHEMISTRY Version 2.0, and much, much more!
Approximately 15% of the end of chapter problems are new! In addition, Applications problems have been updated to reflect modern chemical literature published since 1995.
All in-text Practice Problems now cross-reference a matching Additional Practice Problem in the end-of-chapter material.
What's Wrong? problems are new to this edition and help students learn to think and read critically--a skill that is becoming even more important with the information explosion.
More Additional Practice Problems at the end of every chapter provide students with even more opportunities to complete drill-and-practice problems before advancing to more challenging Putting Things Together and Applications problems.
NEW Related Topics sections regarding materials science, liquid crystals, and combinatorial chemistry are now included in Chapters 4, 12, and 23, respectively.
The Related Topics section for Nitric Oxide: Biochemical has been moved to Chapter 10 because Nitric Oxide is a simple molecule of great biochemical importance.
The Energy Problem in Chapter 6 has been updated according to the most recent statistical data available.
To captivate students� attention, new contemporary examples explore such topics as how hybrid willow shrubs can be grown on abandoned farmland to provide a renewable source of clean-burning fuel at competitive prices, how molten carbonate fuel cells can be used for commercial electric power production, and how an experimental Chrysler car can re-form gasoline to hydrogen.
A discussion of the van der Waals equation has been added to Chapter 5 in the section on real gases. Problems involving the van der Waals equation have been incorporated. Graham's law of effusion has also been added to Chapter 5.
A new, dynamic design element has been added: color-coded, computer-generated electron density models have been incorporated to show the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds. These are used in Chapters 9 and 10.
The discussion of electron affinity in Chapter 8 has been completely rewritten according to the recommendations of John Wheeler of the University of California, San Diego (Wheeler, J.C. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 123-127.). This material is now consistent with definitions used by physical chemistry texts and workers in fields involving electron affinity.
The discussion of bond energies in Chapter 9 is extensively updated and new special value for the C=O bond in CO2 added to the bond energy table. In addition, problems lead students to conclude that bond energy calculations should not be used for compounds in which electrons are delocalized. By discovering this for themselves, students develop a deeper understanding.
The discussion at the beginning of Chapter 12 regarding why liquids fill the lower parts of their containers and can be poured has been revised. Discussing this topic is unique to this text.
In Chapter 13, the coverage of immiscible mixtures has been updated to demonstrate that oil and water don't mix as a result of entropy, not enthalpy, as proposed in some other texts on the market. In addition, coverage of micelles in section 13.8 has been updated.
In Chapter 20, nuclide masses have been updated according to 1995 values (the latest available) to show six or more decimal places in each value.
Chapter 21 now includes coverage of chlorine and chlorine compounds.
Chapter 23 has been retitled Biochemistry (from "Polymers" in 2/e) and now includes sections on lipid sand adenosine triphosphate. Therefore, this chapter includes all major types of biological compounds most frequently referenced in the news. Coverage of synthetic polymers has been moved to Chapter 22

1. INTRODUCTION.

Observations and Conclusions.
Physical and Chemical Changes.
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures.
Related Topic: Chemistry from the Fifth Century B.C. to the Sixteenth Century A.D..
The Scientific Method.
Atoms.
Use of Models in Science.
Symbols.
The Periodic Table.
Molecules and Ions.
Naming Inorganic Compounds.
Chemical Equations.
Predicting.
Related Topic: The Oldest Reaction.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: RONALD V. DELLUMS-SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY.

2. MEASUREMENT.

SI Units. Related Topic: Risk.
Converting Units.
Uncertainty in Measurement.
Significant Figures in Calculations.
Measuring Volume.
Measuring Mass.
Extensive and Intensive Properties.
Density. Related Topic: The Discovery of the Noble Gases.
Measuring Temperature.
Measuring Time.
Atomic Masses.
Formula Masses.
Amount of Substance.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: M. CECLIA OLAVARRIETA-KUHN-CHEMISTRY: THE UNKNOWN ADVENTURE.

3. STOICHIOMETRY.

Law of Conservation of Matter.
Related Topic: Waste Disposal and Resources.
More About Balancing Equations.
Equations on a Macroscopic Scale.
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions.
Limiting Reactants.
Theoretical, Actual, and Percent Yields.
Related Topic: Green Chemistry.
Quantitative Analysis.
Empirical Formulas from Percent Composition.
Molecular and Structural Formulas.
Percent Composition from Formulas.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: JAMES A. CUSUMANO-GREEN CHEMIST, ROCK STAR, AND ENTREPRENEUR.

4. REACTIONS IN SOLUTION.

Some Important Definitions.
Electrolytes.
Reactions Between Ions in Solution.
Ionic Equations.
Single-Replacement Reactions.
Some Uses of Reactions in Solution.
Related Topic: Materials Science.
Concentration Expressed as Percent.
Molarity.
Related Topic: Nature's Solutions.
Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution.
Titration.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: ELVIA NIEBLA-A SCIENTiST SERVES THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT.

5. GASES.

Pressure.
Relation Between Pressure and a Volume of a Gas.
Relation Between Volume and Temperature of a Gas.
Standard Temperature and Pressure.
Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes and Avogadro's Law.
The Ideal Gas Equation.
Using the Ideal Gas Equation to Solve Problems.
Related Topic: The Importance of Gas Densities.
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures.
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory.
Effusion and Diffusion Rates of Gases.
Real Gases.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: YVONNE A. MALDONADO-CHEMISTRY: AN INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINE.

6. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS: THERMOCHEMISTRY.

Systems, Surroundings, and Universe.
Why Changes Take Place.
Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat.
Law of Conservation of Energy.
Energy Units.
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat.
Measurement of Thermal Energy Gained or Lost During Changes.
Enthalpy.
Hess's Law.
Related Topic: The Energy Problem.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: BRIAN C. BETSILL-APPLYING CHEMISTRY AS A TECHNICAL ILLUSTRATOR.

7. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Discovery of the Electron.
Determination of the Charge and Mass of the Electron.
The Nuclear Atom.
Discovery of the Proton and the Neutron.
Traveling Waves.
Electromagnetic Radiation.
The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom.
Related Topic: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.
The Wave Theory of the Electron.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
The Quantum Mechanical or Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom: The Schrodinger Equation.
Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle.
Pictures of Orbitals.
Related Topic: The Dirac Equation: A Relativistic Model of the Atom.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: SALLIE BALIUNAS-CHEMISTRY AND THE STARS.

8. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE.

Electron Configurations.
The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations.
Using the Periodic Table to Write Electron Configurations.
Atomic and Ionic Radii.
Ionization Energy.
Electron Affinity.
Related Topic: Mendeleev and the Periodic Table.
Chemical Properties and the Periodic Table.
Ways of Numbering Groups in the Periodic Table.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Application .
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: JUDY WILLIAMS-HOWZE-CHEMISTRY AND MICROSCOPIC MARINE LIFE.

9. CHEMICAL BONDS.

Valence Electrons.
Ionic Bonds.
Related Topic: Salt.
Showing Molecular Structure with Lewis Structures.
Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds.
Electronegativity.
More About Writing Lewis Structures.
Bond Length, Bond Energy, and Bond Order.
Formal Charges.
Resonance Structures.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule.
Polymers.
More About Bond Energies.
Related Topic: Methane.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: WILLIAM B. JENSEN-A CHEMIST TURNS HISTORIAN.

10. MOLECULAR SHAPE AND THEORY OF CHEMICAL BONDING.

Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions: The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model.
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules.
Introduction to Bonding Theory.
The Valence Bond Method.
Related Topic: The Chemistry of a Vision.
Solution of the Schrodinger Equation for the Hydrogen Molecule.
The Molecular Orbital Method.
Related Topic: Nitric Oxide: A Simple Biochemical.
Delocalized Electrons.
Band Theory of Bonding in Solids. Molecular Spectra.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: DENOLA M. BURTON-A BIOLOGIST LOOKS AT CHEMISTRY.

11. OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS.

Oxidation Numbers.
Oxidation Numbers and the Periodic Table.
Oxidation Numbers and Nomenclature.
Identifying Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.
Writing Equations for Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.
Disproportionation Reactions.
Oxidation-Reduction Titrations.
Related Topic: The Breathalyzer.
Oxidation by Oxygen.
Related Topic: The Other Face of Fire.
Metallurgy.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: CAROLYN REBBERT-A GEOCHEMIST PUTS THE PRESSURE ON MATERIALS.

12. LIQUIDS, SOLIDS, AND CHANGES IN STATE.

A Kinetic-Molecular View of Liquids and Solids.
Intermolecular Attractions.
Properties of Liquids.
Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point.
Melting points and Freezing Points.
Heating and Cooling Curves.
Phase Diagrams.
Related Topic: Liquid Crystals.
Types of Crystals.
Arrangement of Units in Crystals.
Crystal Structure from X-Ray Diffraction Patterns.
Related Topic: Something to Bragg About.
Calculation of Atomic and Ionic Radii and Avogadro's Number.
Defects in Crystals.
Related Topic: Scanning Probe Microscopes.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: RAYMOND JEANLOZ-CHEMISTRY AND PLANETARY INTERIORS.

13. SOLUTIONS REVISITED.

A Kinetic-Molecular View of the Solution Process.
Solubilities of Solids.
Effect of Temperature on Solubility.
Related Topic: Thermal Pollution.
Effect of Pressure on Solubility.
Two More Concentration Units: Molarity and Mole Fraction.
Raoult's Law.
Colligative Properties.
Colloids.
Related Topic: Separation of Mixtures.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: JIM WILLIAMSON-CHEMICAL NEEDS OF A SOLAR ENGINEER.

14. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM.

Introduction to Chemical Equilibria.
Equilibrium Constants and Equilibrium Constant Expressions.
Determination of Values of Equilibrium Constants.
Calculations Involving Equilibrium Constants.
Using Le Chatelier's Principle to Predict Shifts in Chemical Equilibria.
Some Industrially Important Chemical Equilibria.
Related Topic: The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Equilibrium.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: DONNA R. REES-FORENSIC SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY.

15. ACIDS AND BASES.

The Bronsted-Lowry Definitions.
The Ion Product for Water, KW.
The pH and Other "p" Scales.
Concentrations of Hydrogen Ions in Aqueous Solutions of Acids.
Concentrations of Hydroxide Ions in Aqueous Solutions of Bases.
Hydrolysis.
The Common Ion Effect.
Buffer Solutions.
How Indicators Work.
Titration Revisited.
Polyprotic Acids.
Related Topic: Acids and Bases in the Human Body.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: ROBERTA FRIEDMAN-A CHEMIST ESCAPES FROM THE LAB.

16. MORE ABOUT EQUILIBRIA.

Predicting the Positions of Acid-Base Equilibria.
Acidity, Basicity, and the Periodic Table.
Lewis Acids and Bases.
Related Topic: Acid Rain.
Equilibria Between Complexes and Their Parts.
The Solubility Product Constant and Solubility.
Factors Influencing the Solubility of Salts and Hydroxides.
Calculations Involving Ksp.
Some Practical Applications of Solubility Equilibria.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: L. GENE SPEARS, JR.-A LAWYER USES CHEMISTRY.

17. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS REVISITED: A CLOSER LOOK AT ENTHALPY, ENTROPY, AND EQUILIBRIUM.

The Laws of Thermodynamics.
Entropy.
Free Energy.
Temperature and Direction of Spontaneous Change.
Calculation of DGº from DHº and DSº.
Calculation of DGº from DGfº.
Related Topic: Enthalpy, Entropy, and Acidity.
Estimation of DGº at Different Temperatures.
Estimation of Temperature at Which Direction of Spontaneous Change Reverses.
Calculation of DG for Nonstandard Conditions.
Standard Free Energies and Equilibrium Constants.
Free Energy and Useful Work.
Related Topic: Order from Disorder.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: JEANETTE K. WIEGAND-THE PHARMACIST WHO HATED ARITHMETIC.

18. CHEMICAL KINETICS: A CLOSER LOOK AT REACTION RATES.

Rates of Reactions.
Rate and Concentration.
Finding Rate Laws.
First-Order Reactions.
Rate and Identity of Reactants.
Rate and Solvent.
Heterogeneous Reactions.
Catalysts. Rate and Temperature.
Theories of Reaction Rates.
Reaction Mechanisms.
How Catalysts Work.
Related Topic: The Kinetics of Drinking.
The Steady-State Approximation.
Answers to Two Common Questions.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: MIKE WONG-CHEMISTRY AND THE SEARCH FOR BLOOD SUBSTITUTES.

19. ELECTROCHEMISTRY.

Voltaic Cells.
Standard Cell Potentials.
Effect of Concentration on Cell Potential.
Free Energy and Cell Potential.
Batteries.
Related Topic: Fuel Cells.
Corrosion.
Electrolytic Cells.
Stochiometry of Electrochemical Reactions.
Practical Applications of Electrolysis.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: LYNDA A. ZYCHERMAN-AN ART CONSERVATOR LOOKS AT CHEMISTRY.

20. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY.

Radioactive Decay Processes.
Induced Nuclear Reactions.
Related Topic: Seaborg and the Transuranium Elements.
Rates of Nuclear Reactions.
Predicting Which Type of Radioactive Decay Will Take Place.
Radioactive Decay Series.
Energy Changes Accompanying Nuclear Reactions.
Fission.
Fusion.
Biological Effects of Radiation.
Uses of Radionuclides.
Synthesis of Elements.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: ELIZABETH GOMANI-CHEMISTRY IN PALEONTOLOGY.

21. A CLOSER LOOK AT INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: NONMETALS AND SEMIMETALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS.

Hydrogen.
Related Topic: Hydrogen as a Fuel.
Water.
Oxygen.
Related Topic: Earth's Atmosphere.
Sulfur.
Nitrogen.
Phosphorus.
Carbon.
Silicon.
Chlorine.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: FRANK A. GOMEZ-BIORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY: WORKING AT A SCIENTIFIC INTERFACE.

22. A CLOSER LOOK AT ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.

Occurrence of Organic Compounds. Hydrides of Carbon.
Stereoisomers.
Why There Are So Many Carbon Compounds.
Alkanes.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds.
Functional Groups. Mechanism.
Related Topic: Petroleum.
Synthesis.
More About Polymerization.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Polymers.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: TODD A. BLUMENKOPF-AN ORGANIC CHEMIST IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY.

23. BIOCHEMISTRY.

Proteins.
Related Topic: Prions.
Related Topic: Combinatorial Chemistry.
Polysaccharides.
Related Topic: Glycoproteins.
Nucleic Acids.
Adenosine Triphosphate.
Lipids. Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.
What's Wrong.
GUEST ESSAY: WILLIAM R. JENKINS-A BREWER USES CHEMISTRY.

24. A CLOSER LOOK AT INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: TRANSITION METALS AND COMPLEXES.

Transition Metals.
Observations of Complexes and Coordination Compounds.
Stereoisomerism in Complexes.
Polydentate Ligands and Chelate Complexes.
Constitutional Isomerism in Complexes.
Nomenclature of Complexes.
The D Orbitals.
Bonding in Complexes.
Stability and Lability of Complexes.
Uses of Transition-Metal Complexes.
Alloys.
Related Topic: Superconductors.
Summary.
Additional Practice Problems.
Stop & Test Yourself.
Putting Things Together.
Applications.

APPENDIX A: NOMENCLATURE.
APPENDIX B: MATHEMATICS NEEDED FOR GENERAL CHEMISTRY.
APPENDIX C: PROPERTIES OF WATER.
APPENDIX D: THERMODYNAMICS DATA FOR SELECTED SUBSTANCES AT 298 K.
APPENDIX E: TOP 50 CHEMICALS FOR 1995.
APPENDIX F: BALANCING EQUATIONS FOR OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS BY THE CHANGE-IN-OXIDATION-NUMBER METHOD.
APPENDIX G: CALCULATION OF Ksp.
APPENDIX H: ANSWERS TO TEXT PROBLEMS.
INDEX