Calculus - 6th edition

Contemporary calculus instructors and students face traditional challenges as well as new ones that result from changes in the role and practice of mathematics by scientists and engineers in the world at large. As a consequence, this sixth edition of our calculus textbook is its most extensive revision since the first edition appeared in 1982.

Two chapters of the fifth edition have been combined in a single more tightly organized one. An entirely new chapter now appears in the table of contents, and most of the remaining chapters have been extensively rewritten. About 125 of the book's over 750 worked examples are new for this edition and the 1825 figures in the text include 225 new computer-generated graphics. About 600 of its over 7000 problems are new, and these are augmented by 320 new conceptual discussion questions that now precede the problem sets. Moreover, 1050 new true/false questions are included in the Study Guides on the new CD-ROM that accompanies this edition. In summary, almost 2000 of these 8400-plus problems and questions are new, and the text discussion and explanations have undergone corresponding alteration and improvement.

PRINCIPAL NEW FEATURES

The current revision of the text features

• More unified treatment of transcendental functions in Chapter 7, and
• A new Chapter 9 on differential equations and applications.

The new chapter on differential equations now appears immediately after Chapter 8 on techniques of integration. It includes both direction fields and Eider's method together with the more elementary symbolic methods (which exploit techniques from Chapter 8) and interesting applications of both first- and second-order equations. Chapter 11 (Infinite Series) now ends with a new section on power series solutions of differential equations, thus bringing full circle a unifying focus of second-semester calculus on elementary differential equations.

NEW LEARNING RESOURCES

Conceptual Discussion Questions: The set of problems that concludes each section is now preceded by a brief Concepts: Questions and Discussion set consisting of several open-ended conceptual questions that can be used for either individual study or classroom discussion.

The Text CD-ROM: The content of the new CD-ROM that accompanies this text is fully integrated with the textbook material, and is designed specifically for use hand-in-hand with study of the book itself. This CD-ROM features the following resources to support learning and teaching:

• Interactive True/False Study Guides that reinforce and encourage student reading of the text. Ten author-written questions for each section carefully guide students through the section, and students can request individual hints suggesting where in the section to look for needed information.
• Live Examples feature dynamic multimedia and computer algebra presentations--many accompanied by audio explanations--which enhance student intuition and understanding. These interactive examples expand upon many of the textbook's principal examples; students can change input data and conditions and then observe the resulting changes in step-by-step solutions and accompanying graphs and figures. Walkthrough videos demonstrate how students can interact with these live examples.
• Homework Starters for the principal types of computational problems in each textbook section, featuring both interactive presentations similar to the live examples and (Web-linked) voice-narrated videos of pencil-and-paper investigations illustrating typical initial steps in the solution of selected textbook problems.
• Computing Project Resources support most of the almost three dozen projects that follow key sections in the text. For each such project marked in the text by a CD-ROM icon, more extended discussions illustrating Maple, Mathematica, MATLAB, and graphing calculator investigations are provided. Computer algebra system commands can be copied and pasted for interactive execution.
• Hyperlinked Maple Worksheets contributed by Harald Pleym of Telemark University College (Norway) constitute an interactive version of essentially the whole textbook. Students and faculty using Maple can change input data and conditions in most of the text examples to investigate the resulting changes in step-by-step solutions and accompanying graphs and figures.
• PowerPoint Presentations provide classroom projection versions of about 350 of the figures in the text that would be least convenient to reproduce on a blackboard.
• Web Site-The contents of the CD-ROM together with additional learning and teaching resources are maintained and updated at the textbook Web site www.prenhall.com/edwards, which includes a Comments and Suggestions center where we invite response from both students and instructors.

PH Grade Assist (Computerized Homework Grading System)-About 2000 of the textbook problems are incorporated in an automated grading system that is now available. Each problem solution in the system is structured algorithmically so that students can work in a computer lab setting to submit homework assignments for automatic grading. (There is a small annual fee per participating student.)

New Solutions Manuals: The entirely new 1810-page Instructor's Solutions Manual (available in three volumes) includes a detailed solution for every problem in the book. These solutions were written exclusively by the authors and have been checked independently by others.

The entirely new 930-page Student Solutions Manual (available in two volumes) includes a detailed solution for every odd-numbered problem in the text. The answers (alone) to most of these odd-numbered problems are included in the answers section at the back of this book.

New Technology manuals: Each of the following manuals is available shrink-wrapped with any version of the text for half the normal price of the manual (all of which are inexpensive):

• Jensen, Using MATLAB in Calculus (0-13-027268-X)
• Freese/Stegenga, Calculus Concepts Using Derive (0-13-085152-3)
• Gresser, TI Graphing Calculator Approach, 2e (0-13-092017-7)
• Gresser, A Mathematica Approach, 2e (0-13-092015-0)
• Gresser, A Maple Approach, 2e (0-13-092014-2)

THE TEXT IN MORE DETAIL...

In preparing this edition, we have taken advantage of many valuable comments and suggestions from users of the first five editions. This revision was so pervasive that the individual changes are too numerous to be detailed in a preface, but the following paragraphs summarize those that may be of widest interest.

• New Problems--Most of the 600 new problems lie in the intermediate range of difficulty, neither highly theoretical nor computationally routine. Many of them have a new technology flavor, suggesting (if not requiring) the use of technology ranging from a graphing calculator to a computer algebra system.
• Discussion Questions and Study Guides--We hope the 320 conceptual discussion questions and 1050 true/false study-guide questions constitute a useful addition to the traditional fare of student exercises and problems. The True/False Study Guide for each section provides a focus on the key ideas of the section, with the single goal of motivating guided student reading of the section.
• Examples and Explanations--About one-sixth of the book's worked examples are either new or significantly revised, together with a similar percentage of the text discussion and explanations. Additional computational detail has been inserted in worked examples where students have experienced difficulty, together with additional sentences and paragraphs in similar spots in text discussions.
• Project Material--Many of the text's 33 projects are new for this edition. These appear following the problem sets at the ends of key sections throughout the text. Most (but not all) of these projects employ some aspect of modern computational technology to illustrate the principal ideas of the preceding section, and many contain additional problems intended for solution with the use of a graphing calculator or computer algebra system. Where appropriate, project discussions are significantly expanded in the CD-ROM versions of the projects.
• Historical Material--Historical and biographical chapter openings offer students a sense of the development of our subject by real human beings. Indeed, our exposition of calculus frequently reflects the historical development of the subject--from ancient times to the ages of Newton and Leibniz and Euler to our own era of new computational power and technology.

TEXT ORGANIZATION

• Introductory Chapters--Instead of a routine review of precalculus topics, Chapter 1 concentrates specifically on functions and graphs for use in mathematical modeling. It includes a section cataloging informally the elementary transcendental functions of calculus, as background to their more formal treatment using calculus itself. Chapter 1 concludes with a section addressing the question "What is calculus?" Chapter 2 on limits begins with a section on tangent lines to motivate the official introduction of limits in Section 2.2. Trigonometric limits are treated throughout Chapter 2 in order to encourage a richer and more visual introduction to the limit concept.
• Differentiation Chapters--The sequence of topics in Chapters 3 and 4 differs a bit from the most traditional order. We attempt to build student confidence by introducing topics more nearly in order of increasing difficulty. The chain rule appears quite early (in Section 3.3) and we cover the basic techniques for differentiating algebraic functions before discussing maxima and minima in Sections 3.5 and 3.6 (in order to illustrate early some significant applications of the derivative). Section 3.7 treats the derivatives of all six trigonometric functions. The authors' fondness for Newton's method (Section 3.8) will be apparent.
• The mean value theorem and its applications are deferred to Chapter 4 (following implicit differentiation and related rates in Section 4.1, and differentials and linear approximation in Section 4.2). In addition, a dominant theme of Chapter 4 is the use of calculus both to construct graphs of functions and to explain and interpret graphs that have been constructed by a calculator or computer. This theme is developed in Sections 4.4 on the first derivative test and 4.6 on higher derivatives and concavity.
• Integration Chapters--Chapter 5 begins with a section on antiderivatives--which could logically be included in the preceding chapter, but benefits from the use of integral notation. When the definite integral is introduced in Sections 5.3 and 5.4, we emphasize endpoint and midpoint sums rather than upper and lower and more general Riemann sums. This concrete emphasis carries through the chapter to its final section on numerical integration. Chapter 6 begins with a largely new section on Riemann sum approximations, with new examples centering on fluid flow and medical applications. Section 6.6 is a new treatment of centroids of plane regions and curves.
• Chapter 8 (Techniques of Integration) is organized to accommodate those instructors who feel that methods of formal integration now require less emphasis, in view of modern techniques for both numerical and symbolic integration. Integration by parts (Section 8.3) precedes trigonometric integrals (Section 8.4). The method of partial fractions appears in Section 8.5, and trigonometric substitutions and integrals involving quadratic polynomials follow in Sections 8.6 and 8.7. Improper integrals appear in Section 8.8, with new and substantial subsections on special functions and probability and random sampling. This rearrangement of Chapter 8 makes it more convenient to stop wherever the instructor desires.
• Calculus of Transcendental Functions--Section 7.1 (much strengthened for this edition) introduces the exponential and logarithmic functions from a fairly intuitive viewpoint; the approach based on the natural logarithm as an integral appears in Section 7.4. Sections 7.2 and 7.3 introduce 1'Hopital's rule and apply it to round out the calculus of exponential and logarithmic functions. Sections 7.5 and 7.6 cover both derivatives of and integrals involving inverse trigonometric functions and hyperbolic functions.
• Differential Equations--This entirely new chapter begins with the most elementary differential equations and applications (Section 9.1) and then proceeds to introduce both graphical (slope field) and numerical (Eider) methods in Section 9.2. Subsequent sections of the chapter treat separable and linear first-order differential equations and (in more depth than usual in a calculus course) applications such as population growth (including logistic and predator-prey populations) and motion with resistance. The final two sections of Chapter 9 treat second-order linear equations and applications to mechanical vibrations. Instructors desiring still more coverage of differential equations can arrange with the publisher to bundle and use appropriate sections of Edwards and Penney, Differential Equations: Computing and Modeling 2/e (Prentice-Hall, 2000).
• Parametric Curves and Polar Coordinates--The principal change in Chapter 10 is the replacement of three separate sections in the 5th edition on parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas with a single Section 10.6 that provides a unified treatment of all the conic sections.
• Infinite Series--After the usual introduction to convergence of infinite sequences and series in Sections 11.2 and 11.3, a combined treatment of Taylor polynomials and Taylor series appears in Section 11.4. This makes it possible for the instructor to experiment with a briefer treatment of infinite series, but still offer exposure to the Taylor series that are so important for applications. The principal change in Chapter 11 is the addition of a new final section on power series methods and their use to introduce new transcendental functions, thereby concluding the middle third of the book with a return to differential equations.
• Multivariable Calculus--The treatment of calculus of more than a single variable is rather traditional, beginning with vectors, curves, and surfaces in Chapter 12. Chapter 13 features a strong treatment of multivariable maximum-minimum problems in Sections 13.5 (initial approach to these problems), 13.9 (Lagrange multipliers), and 13.10 (critical points of functions of two variables). Chapters 13 (Partial Differentiation), 14 (Multiple Integrals), and 15 (Vector Calculus) have been significantly rewritten for this edition.

OPTIONS IN TEACHING CALCULUS

The Calculus Sequence--The present version of the text is accompanied by a less traditional version that treats transcendental functions earlier in single-variable calculus and includes matrices for use in multivariable calculus. Both versions of the complete text are also available in two-volume split editions. By appropriate selection of first and second volumes, the instructor can therefore construct a complete text for a calculus sequence with

• Early transcendentals in single-variable calculus and matrices in multivariable calculus;
• Early transcendentals in single-variable calculus but traditional coverage of multivariable calculus;
• Transcendental functions delayed until after the integral in single-variable calculus, but matrices used in multivariable calculus;
• Neither early transcendentals in single-variable calculus nor matrices in multivariable calculus.

Maximum-Minimum Problems--The text includes first coverage of maximum-minimum problems in Chapter 3 (Sections 3.5 and 3.6) to provide early motivation in the form of concrete applications of the derivative, and then returns with the first- and

Edwards, C. Henry :

Penney, David E. : University of Georgia

1. Functions, Graphs, and Models

Functions and Mathematical Modeling
Graphs of Equations and Functions
Polynomials and Algebraic Functions
Transcendental Functions
Preview: What Is Calculus?

2. Prelude to Calculus

Tangent Lines and Slope Predictors
The Limit Concept
More about Limits
The Concept of Continuity

3. The Derivative

The Derivative and Rates of Change
Basic Differentiation Rules
The Chain Rule
Derivatives of Algebraic Functions
Maxima and Minima of Functions on Closed Intervals
Applied Optimization Problems
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Successive Approximations and Newton's Method

4. Additional Applications of the Derivative

Implicit Differentiation and Related Rates
Increments, Differentials, and Linear Approximation
Increasing and Decreasing Functions and the Mean Value Theorem
The First Derivative Test and Applications
Simple Curve Sketching
Higher Derivatives and Concavity
Curve Sketching and Asymptotes

5. The Integral

Introduction
Antiderivatives and Initial Value Problems
Elementary Area Computations
Riemann Sums and the Integral
Evaluation of Integrals
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Integration by Substitution
Areas of Plane Regions
Numerical Integration

6. Applications of the Integral

Riemann Sum Approximations
Volumes by the Method of Cross Sections
Volumes by the Method of Cylindrical Shells
Arc Length and Surface Area of Revolution
Force and Work
Centroids of Plane Regions and Curves

7. Calculus of Transcendental Functions

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Indeterminate Forms and L'Hopîtal's Rule
More Indeterminate Forms
The Logarithm as an Integral
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Hyperbolic Functions

8. Techniques of Integration

Introduction
Integral Tables and Simple Substitutions
Integration by Parts
Trigonometric Integrals
Rational Functions and Partial Fractions
Trigonometric Substitutions
Integrals Involving Quadratic Polynomials
Improper Integrals

9. Differential Equations

Simple Equations and Models
Slope Fields and Euler's Method
Separable Equations and Applications
Linear Equations and Applications
Population Models
Linear Second-Order Equations
Mechanical Vibrations

10. Polar Coordinates and Parametric Curves

Analytic Geometry and the Conic Sections
Polar Coordinates
Area Computations in Polar Coordinates
Parametric Curves
Integral Computations with Parametric Curves
Conic Sections and Applications

11. Infinite Series

Introduction
Infinite Sequences
Infinite Series and Convergence
Taylor Series and Taylor Polynomials
The Integral Test
Comparison Tests for Positive-Term Series
Alternating Series and Absolute Convergence
Power Series
Power Series Computations
Series Solutions of Differential Equations

12. Vectors, Curves, and Surfaces in Space

Vectors in the Plane
Rectangular Coordinates and Three-Dimensional Vectors
The Cross Product of Vectors
Lines and Planes in Space
Curves and Motions in Space
Curvature and Acceleration
Cylinders and Quadric Surfaces
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

13. Partial Differentiation

Introduction
Functions of Several Variables
Limits and Continuity
Partial Derivatives
Multivariable Maxima and Minima
Increments and Linear Approximation
The Multivariable Chain Rule
Directional Derivatives and Gradient Vectors
Lagrange Multipliers and Constrained Optimization
Critical Points of Multivariable Functions

14. Multiple Integrals

Double Integrals
Double Integrals over More General Regions
Area and Volume by Double Integration
Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates
Applications of Double Integrals
Triple Integrals
Integration in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
Surface Area
Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals

15. Vector Calculus

Vector Fields
Line Integrals
The Fundamental Theorem and Independence of Path
Green's Theorem
Surface Integrals
The Divergence Theorem
Stokes' Theorem

Appendices
Answers
Index