1. Chemical Foundations
1.1 Chemistry: An Overview
1.2 The Scientific Method
1.3 Units of Measurement
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement
1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations
1.6 Dimensional Analysis
1.7 Temperature
1.8 Density
1.9 Classification of Matter
2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
2.1 The Early History of Chemistry
2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws
2.3 Dalton's Atomic Theory
2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom
2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
2.6 Molecules and Ions
2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds
3. Stoichiometry
3.1 Atomic Masses
3.2 The Mole
3.3 Molar Mass
3.4 Percent Composition of Compounds
3.5 Determining the Formula of a Compound
3.6 Chemical Equations
3.7 Balancing Chemical Equations
3.8 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products
3.9 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant
4. Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
4.1 Water, the Common Solvent
4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes
4.3 The Composition of Solutions
4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions
4.5 Precipitation Reactions
4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution
4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions
4.8 Acid-Base Reactions
4.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
4.10 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
5. Gases
5.1 Pressure
5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro
5.3 The Ideal Gas Law
5.4 Gas Stoichiometry
5.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
5.7 Effusion and Diffusion
5.8 Real Gases
5.9 Chemistry in the Atmosphere
6. Thermochemistry
6.1 The Nature of Energy
6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry
6.3 Hess's Law
6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
6.5 Present Sources of Energy
6.6 New Energy Sources
7. Atomic Structure and Periodicity
7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation
7.2 The Nature of Matter
7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen
7.4 The Bohr Model
7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
7.6 Quantum Numbers
7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies
7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle
7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms
7.10 The History of the Periodic Table
7.11 The Aufbau Principles and the Periodic Table
7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties
7.13 The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals
8. Bonding: General Concepts
8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds
8.2 Electronegativity
8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes
8.5 Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds
8.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds
8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model
8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions
8.9 The Localized Electron Bonding Model
8.10 Lewis Structures
8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
8.12 Resonance
8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
9. Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model
9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model
9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models
10. Liquids and Solids
10.1 Intermolecular Forces
10.2 The Liquid State
10.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids
10.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals
10.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids
10.6 Molecular Solids
10.7 Ionic Solids
10.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State
10.9 Phase Diagrams
11. Properties of Solutions
11.1 Solution Composition
11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation
11.3 Factors Affecting Solubility
11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions
11.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression
11.6 Osmotic Pressure
11.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
11.8 Colloids
12. Chemical Kinetics
12.1 Reaction Rates
12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction
12.3 Determining the Form of the Rate Law
12.4 The Integrated Rate Law
12.5 Rate Laws: A Summary
12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
12.7 A Model for Chemical Kinetics
12.8 Catalysis
13. Chemical Equilibrium
13.1 The Equilibrium Condition
13.2 The Equilibrium Constant
13.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures
13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria
13.5 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant
13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems
13.7 Le Châtelier's Principle
14 . Acids and Bases
14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases
14.2 Acid Strength
14.3 The pH Scale
14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions
14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions
14.6 Bases
14.7 Polyprotic Acids
14.8 Acid-Base Properties of Salts
14.9 The Effect of Structure on Acid-Base Properties
14.10 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides
14.11 The Lewis Acid-Base Model
14.12 Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary
15. Applications of Aqueous Equilibria Acid-Base Equilibria
15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion
15.2 Buffered Solutions
15.3 Buffer Capacity
15.4 Titrations and pH Curves
15.5 Acid-Base Indicators Solubility Equilibria
15.6 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product
15.7 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis Complex Ion Equilibria
15.8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
16. Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy
16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy
16.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
16.3 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity
16.4 Free Energy
16.5 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
16.6 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions
16.7 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure
16.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium
16.9 Free Energy and Work
17 . Electrochemistry
17.1 Galvanic Cells
17.2 Standard Reduction Potential
17.3 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy
17.4 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration
17.5 Batteries
17.6 Corrosion
17.7 Electrolysis
17.8 Commercial Electrolytic Processes
18. The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A
18.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements
18.2 The Group 1A Elements
18.3 Hydrogen
18.4 The Group 2A Elements
18.5 The Group 3A Elements
18.6 The Group 4A Elements
19. The Representative Elements: Groups 5A Through 8A
19.1 The Group 5A Elements
19.2 The Chemistry of Nitrogen
19.3 The Chemistry of Phosphorus
19.4 The Group 6A Elements
19.5 The Chemistry of Oxygen
19.6 The Chemistry of Sulfur
19.7 The Group 7A Elements
19.8 The Group 8A Elements
20. Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry
20.1 The Transition Metals: A Survey
20.2 The First-Row Transition Metals
20.3 Coordination Compounds
20.4 Isomerism
20.5 Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model
20.6 The Crystal Field Model
20.7 The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes
20.8 Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production
21. The Nucleus: A Chemist's View
21.1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
21.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
21.3 Nuclear Transformations
21.4 Detection and Uses of Radioactivity
21.5 Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus
21.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
21.7 Effects of Radiation
22. Organic Chemistry
22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
22.2 Alkenes and Alkynes
22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
22.4 The Petrochemical Industry
22.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives
22.6 Polymers
22.7 The Polymer Industry
23. Biochemistry
23.1 Proteins
23.2 Carbohydrates
23.3 Nucleic Acids
23.4 Lipids
Appendix 1. Mathematical Procedures
Appendix 2. The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model
Appendix 3. Spectral Analysis
Appendix 4. Selected Thermodynamic Data
Appendix 5. Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials
Appendix 6. SI Units and Conversion Factors
