Chapter 1: Studying Children's Development
Why Study Children's Development?
Teachers' Understanding of Children's Development
Schools as a Context for Development
History of Childhood
The Invention of Childhood and Adolescence
Current Status of Children and Adolescents
Perspectives on Children's Development
Definitions and Issues
Importance of Multiple Developmental Theories
Studying Children's Development
Research Designs
Data Collection Methods
Judging the Quality of a Study
Teachers as Researchers
Research Ethics
Chapter 2: Physical Development
Prenatal Development
Genes and Chromosomes
Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities
From Genotype to Phenotype
Stages of Prenatal Development
Environmental Effects on Prenatal Development
Brain Development
Changes in the Brain
New Research on the Adolescent Brain
Brain Development and Experience
Brain Organization and Specialization
Educational Implications of Brain Research
Perceptual Development
Visual Perception
Auditory Perception
Development of Other Senses
Motor Development
Newborn Reflexes
Development of Gross Motor Skills
Development of Fine Motor Skills
Gender Differences in Motor Development
Schools and Motor Development
Physical Growth
Principles of Physical Growth
Changes in Weight and Height
Variations in Physical Size
Onset of Puberty
Psychological Impact of Puberty
Effects of Early and Late Physical Maturity
Special Health Concerns
Eating Disorders
Substance Abuse
Adolescent Sexuality and Pregnancy
Suicide and Depression
Chapter 3: Cognitive Development: Piaget's and Vygotsky's Theories
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Cognitive Stages
Development as Changes in Knowledge Structures
Principles of Development
Stages of Development
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 Years)
Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 Years)
Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 Years)
Formal Operational Stage (11 to 12 Years and Onward)
Piaget's Theory Today
Piaget's Theory and Social Cognition
Educational Contributions of Piaget's Theory
Development and Education
The Role of Play in Education
Teaching Implications
Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development
Social Origins of Thought
Tools for Thought
Language and Development
Zone of Proximal Development
Contrasts between Piaget's and Vygotsky's Theories
Educational Contributions of Vygotsky's Theory
The Role of Private Speech
The Importance of Adult Guidance and Scaffolding
Reciprocal Teaching
The Role of Peer Interactions
Chapter 4: Cognitive Development: Information Processing and Intelligence Theories
Information Processing Theories
Information Processing Models
Developmental Processes
Development of Attention
Memory Processes
Role of Prior Knowledge
Metacognition
Self-Regulated Learning
Implications of Information Processing Theories for Teaching
Individual Differences in Cognitive Development
Assessing Cognitive Differences
Conceptions of Intelligence
Interpreting an IQ Score
Factors that Threaten the Validity of IQ Scores
What Do IQ Tests Predict?
Stability and Change in Children's IQ Scores
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Genetic Influences
Environmental Influences
Variations in Intellectual Abilities and Academic Achievement
Racial and Ethnic Differences
Performance Differences between Genders
Biological Explanations
Environmental Explanations
What Can Schools Do?
Television, Computers, and Children's Learning
Television: The 15,000 Hour Curriculum
How are Computers Changing What and How Children Learn?
Chapter 5: Language and Literacy Development
What Is Literacy?
Some Basic Principles of Language Development
Language Development and Teaching
Contrasting Views on Language Development
Theories of Language Development
Reconciling Different Points of View
Learning to Communicate
Language Learning Methods
The Critical Period Theory of Language Acquisition
The Stages of Language Acquisition
Learning Two Languages
Fostering Language Development
Literacy Development
Emergent Reading and Writing
Learning to Read
Components of the Reading Process
Approaches to Teaching Reading
The Whole Language Philosophy
Learning to Write
Writing as Composition
Literacy Development in the Classroom
Keeping Students Engaged in Reading and Writing
Cultural Influences on Language Development
Dialects
Language and Culture
Bilingual Education
Chapter 6: Children with Exceptional Learning Needs
Integrating Children with Exceptional Needs
Who Are the Students with Exceptional Needs?
Why Integrate Children with Exceptional Needs into the General Classroom?
Characteristics of Children with Exceptional Needs
High-Prevalence Categories
Moderate-Prevalence Categories
Low-Prevalence Categories
Identifying and Teaching Students with Exceptional Needs
The Role of a Classroom Teacher
Teacher Competencies
Teacher-Directed Learning
Peer-Directed Learning
Self-Directed Learning
Resources for Teachers
School-Based Resources
External Resources
Chapter 7: Self, Identity, and Motivation
Foundations of Socioemotional Development
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
Attachment Relations and Socioemoitonal Development
Understanding Emotions
Development of Self-Control
Development of Self-Conceptions
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Identity Formation
Developing an Ethnic Identity
Gender-Role Conceptions
Development of Achievement Motivation
Definitions of Achievement Motivation
Individual Differences in Achievement Motivation
Gender Differences in Motivation
Cultural Influences on Motivation
Development Trends in Achievement Motivation
Critical Issues for Educators
Teacher-Student Relations
School Transitions
Effects of School Climate and Instructional Practices on Motivation
Chapter 8: Peers and Moral Development
Peer Relations
Importance of Peer Relations
Development of Prosocial Behavior
Development of Aggressive Behavior
Developing Friendships
Enhancing Peer Relations in the Classroom
Peer Groups
Formation of Peer Groups
Structure and Function of Peer Groups
Developmental Changes in the Peer Group
School Influences on Peer Groups
Moral Development
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Links between Moral Reasoning and Behavior
The Ethic of Care versus Justice
Creating a Moral Community in the Classroom
Critical Issues for Educators
Programs for Reducing Aggression
Programs for Preventing and Reducing School Violence
