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Table of Contents
Preface vii
Introduction: Communication Principles for a Lifetime xxi
Developing Your Presentation 1
An Overview of the Presentational Speaking Process 3
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Consider Your Audience 5
Understanding Speaker Anxiety 5
Managing Speaker Anxiety 6
Know How to Develop a Presentation 7
Be Prepared 7
Focus on Your Audience 7
Focus on Your Message 8
Give Yourself a Mental Pep Talk 8
Use Deep-Breathing Techniques 8
Take Advantage of Opportunities to Speak 9
Seek Professional Help 9
Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic 10
Who Is the Audience? 10
What Is the Occasion? 11
What Are My Interests and Experiences? 11
Silent Brainstorming 11
On the Web 11
Scanning Web Directories and Web Pages 12
Listening and Reading for Topic Ideas 12
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Select and Narrow Your Topic 13
Identifying Your Purpose 14
General Purpose 14
Specific Purpose 15
Developing Your Central Idea 16
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Determine Your Purpose 17
Audience-Centered 18
A Single Topic 18
A Complete Declarative Sentence 18
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Develop Your Central Idea 19
Direct, Specific Language 19
Generating Main Ideas 19
Does the Central Idea Have Logical Divisions? 20
Can You Think of Several Reasons the Central Idea Is True? 20
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Determine Your Main Ideas 21
Can You Support the Central Idea with a Series of Steps or a Chronological Sequence? 21
Gathering Supporting Material 22
Sources of Supporting Material 22
Technology and Communication: A New Kind of Search Engine 23
Ethics and Communication: The Question of Speechwriting 28
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Gather Supporting Material 29
Types of Supporting Material 30
Acknowledgment of Supporting Material 35
Diversity and Communication: Adapting to Diverse Audiences 36
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills 38
Summary 39
Discussion and Review 40
Putting Principles into Practice 41
Chapter 4.1 Practice Test 42
Organizing and Outlining Your Presentation 45
Organizing Your Main Ideas 46
Organizing Ideas Chronologically 47
Organizing Ideas Topically 48
Organizing Ideas Spatially 48
Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect 49
Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution 49
Organizing Your Supporting Material 50
Diversity and Communication: Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organizing Messages 51
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Organize Your Speech 52
Organizing Your Presentation for the Ears of Others 53
Previews 53
Ethics and Communication: The Ethics of Primacy and Recency 53
Verbal and Nonverbal Transitions 54
Summaries 55
Introducing and Concluding Your Presentation 55
Introductions 56
On the Web 58
Conclusions 58
Outlining Your Presentation 60
Preparation Outline 60
Technology and Communication: Using Outlining Software 60
Sample Preparation Outline 62
Delivery Outline 65
Sample Delivery Outline 66
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills 69
Summary 70
Discussion and Review 70
Putting Principles into Practice 71
Chapter 4.2 Practice Test 72
Delivering Your Presentation 75
Methods of Delivery 76
Manuscript Speaking 77
Memorized Speaking 78
Impromptu Speaking 78
Extemporaneous Speaking 79
Effective Verbal Delivery 80
Using Words Well 80
Crafting Memorable Word Structures 82
Effective Nonverbal Delivery 85
Eye Contact 86
Physical Delivery 87
Diversity and Communication: The Academic Quarter 89
Facial Expression 89
On the Web 89
Vocal Delivery 90
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Rehearse Your Presentation 91
Technology and Communication: Rehearsing on Videotape 92
Appearance 93
Effective Presentation Aids 94
Types of Presentation Aids 94
Computer-Generated Presentation Aids 99
Guidelines for Preparing Presentation Aids 100
Ethics and Communication: Profanity in an Audio Presentation Aid 101
Guidelines for Using Presentation Aids 102
Some Final Tips for Rehearsing and Delivering Your Presentation 103
Developing Your Presentation Step by Step: Deliver Your Presentation 105
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills 106
Summary 107
Discussion and Review 108
Putting Principles into Practice 109
Chapter 4.3 Practice Test 110
Speaking to Inform 113
Types of Informative Presentations 114
Ethics and Communication: Confidential or Potentially Dangerous Information 115
Presentations about Objects 115
Presentations about Procedures 115
Presentations about People 116
Presentations about Events 117
Presentations about Ideas 118
Strategies for Organizing Your Informative Presentation 118
Organizing Presentations about Objects 118
Organizing Presentations about Procedures 119
Organizing Presentations about People 119
Organizing Presentations about Events 120
Organizing Presentations about Ideas 120
Strategies for Making Your Informative Presentation Clear 121
Simplify Ideas 122
Pace Your Information Flow 122
Relate New Information to Old 122
Diversity and Communication: Using an Interpreter 123
Strategies for Making Your Informative Presentation Interesting 123
Relate to Your Listeners' Interests 124
Use Attention-Catching Supporting Material 124
Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You 125
On the Web 125
Use Word Pictures 126
Technology and Communication: Using an Electronic Thesaurus 127
Create Interesting Presentation Aids 128
Use Humor 128
Strategies for Making Your Informative Presentation Memorable 129
Build In Redundancy 129
Use Adult Learning Principles 130
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally 130
Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally 130
Sample Informative Presentation: The Power of Music 131
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills 133
Summary 134
Discussion and Review 135
Putting Principles into Practice 135
Chapter 4.4 Practice Test 136
Speaking to Persuade 139
Persuasion Defined 140
Ethics and Communication: Hidden Agendas 141
Motivating Your Audience: The Psychology of Persuasion 142
Motivating with Dissonance 142
Motivating with Needs 144
Motivating with Fear Appeals 145
Motivating with Positive Appeals 146
Selecting and Narrowing Your Persuasive Topic 146
Identifying Your Persuasive Purpose 147
Developing Your Central Idea as a Persuasive Proposition 148
Propositions of Fact 149
Propositions of Value 149
Propositions of Policy 150
Supporting Your Presentation with Credibility, Logic, and Emotion 151
Ethos: Establishing Your Credibility 151
Diversity and Communication: "Elementary Reasoning, My Dear Watson" 153
Logos: Using Evidence and Reasoning 154
On the Web 157
Pathos: Using Emotion 158
Organizing Your Persuasive Message 159
Problem and Solution 159
Cause and Effect 160
Refutation 161
The Motivated Sequence 161
Technology and Communication: The Motivated Sequence in Television Advertising 165
How to Adapt Ideas to People and People to Ideas 165
The Receptive Audience 165
The Neutral Audience 166
The Unreceptive Audience 167
Sample Persuasive Presentation: Cruisin' Out of Control 168
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills 171
Summary 173
Discussion and Review 174
Putting Principles into Practice 175
Chapter 4.5 Practice Test 176
Technology and Presentational Communication 179
Source Material for Presentations 179
Technological Innovations and Presentation Aids 180
Technology and Enhanced Speech Delivery 181
Principles for a Lifetime: Enhancing Your Skills 182
Summary 182
Sample Speeches for Discussion and Evaluation 183
Informative Speech 183
Persuasive Speech 192
Notes 195
Photo Credits 201
Answers to Practice Tests 203
Key to the MyCommunicationLab Media Assets 205
Index 209
