Doing Grammar - 4th edition

Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Identifying Verbs and Core Sentences Preview Grammar and Our View of Language1` Verbs and Core Sentences Verbs: The Basic Sentence Components Intransitive Verbs Linking Verbs Transitive Verbs Two Place Transitive Verbs Vg Verbs Vc Verbs Two Place Transitives as Transitive Verbs The Verb BE Verbs and Slots and Sentence Nuclei Verbs Change Types Reference Material Knowledge and Practice Chapter Summary EXERCISES Identifying Verb Types Chapter 2: Relating Words, Phrases, and Slots Parts of Speech What Nouns Do Verbs, Modals, Auxiliaries, and Tense Adjectives and Noun Characteristics Adverbs Orient Readers and Listeners Prepositions Precede Noun Phrases Words and Grammar Grammatical Slots Identify Phrases The Hierarchy Constituents as Hierarchies Grammatical Analyis and Chicken Parts Heads and Attributes Basic Sentence Structure The Yes/No Question Test Tree Diagrams Diagrams as Tools Multiple-Word Verbs Words, Hierarchies, and Constituents EXERCISES Identifying Sentence Constituents Chapter 3: Expanding Verb Phrases Tense, Modality, and Aspect Statu of the Main Verb Verb Form Finiteness Mood and Purpose Conditional Mood and Possibility Future Time and Conditional Mood Again Aspect Past Participles Present Participles Tense Forms of Main Verbs How to Expand a Main Verb Regular Verbs Summary EXERCISES I. Changing Main Verb Forms II. Identify Verb Status and Analyzing Sentence Chapter 4: Exploring Noun Phrases Noun Phrase Component Proper and Common Nouns Determiners Definite Articles Possessive Pronouns Numbers Prearticles Postnoun Modifiers Genitives ''Genitive'' Rather than ''Possessive'' Personal, Reflexive, and Indefinite Pronoun Function Words Can Expand Noun Phrases Here are the Main Points in the Chapter EXERCISES Identifying Noun Constituents and Analyzing Sentences Chapter 5: Rearranging and Compounding Changing Core Sentences Making Negative Sentences Changing Statements into Yes/No Questions Wh-Question Sentences Passive Sentences Deleting By from a Passive Core Arrangement of Passive Constituents Past Participles and Adjectives Get as a Passive Auxiliary Rearranging a Passive Sentence Status and Passive Existential-There Sentences Expletives Imperative Structure Deleting You and Will from Imperative Sentences Diagramming Imperative Sentences Imperative Sentence Lack Tense The Negative Form of Imperatives Compounding Structures Coordinate and Correlative Conjunctions Conjoining and Commas Attaching Conjunctions Conjunctive Adverbs Chapter Summary EXERCISES I. REARRANGING AND COMPOUNDING SENTENCES II. ANALYZING SENTENCES Chapter 6: Constructing Relative Clauses Dependent Clauses Little Sentences Combine to Make Big Sentences Why We Combine Sentences A Relative Clause Embeds into a Noun Phrase The Way It Was Is the Way It Is Restrictive Relative Clauses as Adjectives Making a Relative Clause Relative Pronouns Replace Noun Phrases Whose Replaces a Possessive Pronoun or a Genitive Noun Relative Pronouns in Prepositional Phrases The Functions of Fronted Relatives Find the Constituents of the Relative Clause Deleting Object Noun Phrases from Relative Clauses Embedding Relative Clauses into Subordinate Clauses Constituents in Independent or Dependent Clauses Here are the Main Points in the Chapter EXERCISES I. COMBINING SENTENCES II. BREAKING OUT UNDERLYING SENTENCES III. ANALYZING SENTENCES Chapter 7: Reducing Relative Clauses to Phrases Deriving Prepositional and Participial Phrases Reducing Clauses Participial Phrases are Verb Phrases Making Some Verbs into Present Participles Deriving Past Participial Phrases Embedded Prepositional Phrases Constituency: Adjectives or Adverbs How the Components of an Embedded Phrase Function Prepositional Phrases Headed by With We Won't Derive One-Word Modifiers Embedded Phrases and Commas Making Long Sentences from Just a Few Kinds of Phrases and Clauses The Clauses that Underlie a Sentence's Constituents Grammatical Ambiguity Phrases Derived from Relative Clauses Here are the Main Points of the Chapter EXERCISES I. BREAKING OUT UNDERLYING SENTENCES II. COMBINING SENTENCES III. ANALYZING SENTENCES Chapter 8: Making Noun Clauses, Gerunds, and Infinitives Noun Clauses, Gerunds, and Infinitives Fill Noun Phrase Slots That-Clauses Noun Clauses Fill Noun Phrase Slots Extraposing That-Clauses Some Sentences with Expletives and Noun Clauses Don't Seem to Be Derived Wh-Subordinators Act as Content Words within Noun Clauses Wh-Clauses Are Related to Question Sentences Reducing Clauses to Infinitive Phrases Infinitives without to Infinitive Phrases Introduced by For ... to Some Infinitives Function as Adverbs Gerunds Are -ing Verb Forms Gerund Phrases May Contain a Subject in the Genitive Form Studying Grammar is Cumulative Embedded Structures That Fill Noun Phrase Slot in Matrix Clauses Here are the Main Points of Chapter 8 EXERCISES I. BREAKING OUT UNDERLYING SENTENCES II. COMBINING SENTENCES III. ANALYZING SENTENCES Chapter 9: Adding Modifiers to Sentences Nonrestrictive Modifiers Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses Sit Next to Noun Phrases Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses Make Added Comments Nonrestrictive Participial Phrases Nonrestrictive Participial Phrases Function as Adverbs Appositives Sit Next to Nouns Absolute Phrases Adverb Cluses Share Some Characteristics of Nonrestrictive Modifiers Adverb Clauses and Subordinate Conjunctions Nonrestrictive Modifiers Change the Pace, Rhythm, and Movement in Sentences A Grammar Course Should Prepare You to Analyze Real Sentences Doing Grammar is About Understanding the System That Generates Sentences Here are the Main Points of Chapter 9: EXERCISES I. BREAKING OUT UNDERLYING SENTENCES II. COMBINING SENTENCES III. ANALYZING SENTENCES Chapter 10 What can You do Now that You can do Grammar? Reflecting on Writing and Reading Style Students Writing With Style Most Punctuation Can Be Addressed with Three Principles Teachers Should Point Out Interesting and Effective Student Sentences Good Writers, Good Readers, and Good Teachers Understand the Options Grammar Gives Us to Construct Sentences EXERCISES Answer Key Glossary Index