Essential Environment-text - 4th edition

Table of Contents Foundations of Environmental Science An Introduction to Environmental Science 2 Our Island, Earth 3 The Nature of Environmental Science 7 The Nature of Science 10 Environmental Ethics 15 Environmental Economics and Environmental Policy 23 Central Case: San Diego and Tijuana's Sewage Pollution Problems and Policy Solutions 24 Economics: Approaches and Environmental Implications 24 Environmental Policy: An Overview 34 U.S. Environmental Policy 35 International Environmental Policy 40 The Environmental Policy Process 42 Approaches to Environmental Policy 44 Environmental Systems: Chemistry, Energy, and Ecosystems 48 Central Case: The Gulf of Mexico's ''Dead Zone'' 49 Earth's Environmental Systems 49 Chemistry and the Environment 52 Energy Fundamentals 58 How Environmental Systems Work 60 Evolution, Biodiversity, and Population Ecology 75 Central Case: Striking Gold in a Costa Rican Cloud Forest 76 Evolution as the Wellspring of Earth's Biodiversity 76 Levels of Ecological Organization 83 Population Ecology 84 Species Interactions and Community Ecology 96 Central Case: Black and White, and Spread All Over: Zebra Mussels Invade the Great Lakes 97 Species Interactions 98 Ecological Communities 101 Earth's Biomes 111 Environmental Issues and the Search for Solutions Human Population 122 Central Case: China's One-Child Policy 123 Human Population Growth: Baby 6 Billion and Beyond 123 Demography 126 Population and Society 132 Soil, Agriculture, and the Future of Food 141 Central Case: No-Till Agriculture in Southern Brazil 142 Soil: The Foundation for Agriculture 142 Soil Degradation and Conservation 145 The Race to Feed the World 151 Pests and Pollinators 153 Biotechnology and the Future of Food 156 Feedlot Agriculture: Livestock and Poultry 160 Sustainable Agriculture 164 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 168 Central Case: Saving the Siberian Tiger 169 Our Planet of Life 169 Biodiversity Loss and Species Extinction 174 Benefits of Biodiversity 179 Conservation Biology: The Search for Solutions 181 Cities, Forests, and Parks: Land Use and Resource Management 191 Central Case: Managing Growth in Portland, Oregon 192 Our Urbanizing World 193 Creating Livable Cities 200 Forestry and Resource Management 205 Parks and Reserves 212 Environmental Health and Toxicology 217 Central Case: Alligators and Endocrine Disruptors at Lake Apopka, Florida 218 Environmental Health 218 Toxic Agents in the Environment 222 Studying Effects of Hazards 228 Risk Assessment and Risk Management 232 Philosophical and Policy Approaches 234 Freshwater and Marine Systems and Resources 239 Central Case: Plumbing the Colorado River 240 Freshwater Systems 240 How We Use Water 245 Solutions to Freshwater Depletion 251 Freshwater Pollution and Its Control 252 Marine Systems 257 Human Impact on the Oceans 262 Overfishing and Marine Conservation 263 Atmospheric Science, Air Pollution, and Global Climate Change 270 Central Case: Rising Temperatures and Seas May Take the Maldives Under 271 The Atmosphere 271 Outdoor Air Pollution 275 Indoor Air Pollution 285 Global Climate Change 288 Climate Change Estimates and Predictions 292 Reducing Emissions 296 Nonrenewable Energy Sources, Their Impacts, and Energy Conservation 300 Central Case: Oil or Wilderness on Alaska's North Slope? 301 Sources of Energy 302 Coal 305 Natural Gas 307 Oil 308 Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use 312 Energy Conservation 317 Nuclear Power 319 Renewable Energy Alternatives 328 Central Case: Iceland Moves toward a Hydrogen Economy 329 Renewable Energy Sources 330 Biomass Energy 332 Hydroelectric Power 335 Solar Energy 337 Wind Energy 340 Geothermal Energy 344 Ocean Energy Sources 345 Hydrogen 346 Waste Management 353 Central Case: Transforming New York's Fresh Kills Landfill 354 Approaches to Waste Management 354 Municipal Solid Waste 355 Industrial Solid Waste 364 Hazardous Waste 365 Epilogue Sustainable Solutions 372 Some Basics on Graphs A-1 Metric System B-1 Periodic Table of the Elements C-1 Geologic Time Scale D-1 Glossary G-1 Credits CR-1 Selected Sources and References R-1 Index I-1