Global Tectonics - 3rd edition

Preface Acknowledgments. Historical perspective.

1 Continental drift.2 Sea floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics.3 Geosynclinal theory.4 Impact of plate tectonics. The interior of the Earth.1 Earthquake seismology.1.1 Introduction.1.2 Earthquake descriptors.1.3 Seismic waves.1.4 Earthquake location.1.5 Mechanism of earthquakes.1.6 Focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes.1.7 Ambiguity in focal mechanism solutions.1.8 Seismic tomography.2 Velocity structure of the Earth.3 Composition of the Earth.4 The crust.4.1 The continental crust.4.2 Upper continental crust.4.3 Middle and lower continental crust.4.4 The oceanic crust.4.5 Oceanic layer 1.4.6 Oceanic layer 2.4.7 Oceanic layer 3.5 Ophiolites.6 Metamorphism of oceanic crust.7 Differences between continental and oceanic crust.8 The mantle.8.1 Introduction.8.2 Seismic structure of the mantle.8.3 Mantle composition.8.4 The mantle low velocity zone.8.5 The mantle transition zone.8.6 The lower mantle.9 The core.10 Rheology of the crust and mantle.10.1 Introduction.10.2 Brittle deformation.10.3 Ductile deformation.10.4 Lithospheric strength profiles,.10.5 Measuring continental deformation.10.6 Deformation in the mantle.11 Isostasy.11.1 Introduction.11.2 Airy''s hypothesis.11.3 Pratt''s hypothesis.11.4 Flexure of the lithosphere.11.5 Isostatic rebound.11.6 Tests of isostasy.12 Lithosphere and asthenosphere.13 Terrestrial heat flow. Continental drift.1 Introduction.2 Continental reconstructions.2.1 Euler''s theorem.2.2 Geometric reconstructions of continents.2.3 The reconstruction of continents around the Atlantic.2.4 The reconstruction of Gondwana.3 Geologic evidence for continental drift.4 Paleoclimatology.5 Paleontologic evidence for continental drift.6 Paleomagnetism.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Rock magnetism.6.3 Natural remanent magnetization.6.4 The past and present geomagnetic field.6.5 Apparent polar wander curves.6.6 Paleogeographic reconstructions based on paleomagnetism. Sea floor spreading and transform faults.1 Sea floor spreading.1.1 Introduction.1.2 Marine magnetic anomalies.1.3 Geomagnetic reversals.1.4 Sea floor spreading.1.5 The Vine-Matthews hypothesis.1.6 Magnetostratigraphy.1.7 Dating of the ocean floor.2 Transform faults.2.1 Introduction.2.2 Ridge-ridge transform faults.2.3 Ridge jumps and transform fault offsets. The framework of plate tectonics.1 Plates and plate margins.2 Distribution of earthquakes.3 Relative plate motions.4 Absolute plate motions.5 Hotspots.6 True polar wander.7 Cretaceous superplume.8 Direct measurement of relative plate motions.9 Finite plate motions.10 Stability of triple junctions.11 Present day triple junctions. Ocean ridges.1 Ocean ridge topography.2 Broad structure of the upper mantle below ridges.3 Origin of anomalous upper mantle beneath ridges.4 Depth-age relationship of oceanic lithosphere.5 Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation.6 Seismic evidence for an axial magma chamber.7 Along-axis segmentation of oceanic ridges.8 Petrology of ocean ridges.9 Shallow structure of the axial region.10 Origin of the oceanic crust.11 Propagating rifts and microplates.12 Oceanic fracture zones. Continental rifts and rifted margins.1 Introduction.2 General characteristics of narrow rifts.3 General characteristics of wide rifts.4 Volcanic activity.4.1 Large igneous provinces.4.2 Petrogenesis of rift rocks.4.3 Mantle upwelling beneath rifts.5 Rift initiation.6 Strain localization and delocalization processes.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Lithospheric stretching.6.3 Buoyancy forces and lower crustal flow.6.4 Lithospheric flexure.6.5 Strain-induced weakening.6.6 Rheological stratification of the lithosphere.6.7 Magma-assisted rifting.7 Rifted continental margins.7.1 Volcanic margins.7.2 Nonvolcanic margins.7.3 The evolution of rifted margins.8 Case studies: the transition from rift to rifted margin.8.1 The East African Rift system.8.2 The Woodlark Rift.9 The Wilson cycle. Continental transforms and strike-slip faults.1 Introduction.2 Fault styles and physiography.3