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Table of Contents
Preface for Students
Preface for Instructors
Part 1: Writing Process
1 The Writing Situation
a Analysis
b Subject
c Purpose
d Audience
2 Invention
a Journal keeping
b Observing
c Freewriting
d Brainstorming
e Drawing
f Asking questions
3 Thesis and Organization
a Thesis statement
b Organization
sample Essay
4 Drafting
a Starting
b Maintaining momentum
c Sample first draft
5 Revising and Editing
a Revising the whole essay
b Sample revision
c Editing
d Formatting; proofreading
e sample Final Draft
f Collaborating
g Preparing a writing portfolio
6 Paragraphs
a Unity around a central idea
b Coherence
c Development
d Introductions; conclusions
e Linking paragraphs
7 Document Design
a Academic papers
b Principles of design
c Elements of design
d Illustrations
e The Web
f Readers with vision loss
Part 2: Writing in and out of college
8 Critical Thinking and Reading
a Critical reading techniques
b Critical response
c Critically viewing images
9 Academic Writing
a Responding to texts
b Purpose
c Audience
d Structure and content
e Language
f sample critical response
10 Writing Arguments
a Elements of argument
b Reasonableness
c Organization
d sample argument
11 Reading and Writing About Literature
a Writing while reading
b Critical reading
c sample literary analysis
12 Taking Essay Exams
a Preparing
b Planning
c Drafting
d Rereading
e sample Essay Exams
13 Public Writing
a Business letters and résumés
sample letter and résumés
b Memos
sample Memo
c E-mail
sample e-mail message
d Community work
sample newsletter
14 Making Oral Presentations
a Purpose and audience
b Organization
c Delivery
sample powerpoint slides
Part 3: Clarity and Style
15 Emphasis
a Subjects and verbs
b Sentence beginnings and endings
c Coordination
d Subordination
16 Parallelism
a With and, but, or, nor, yet
b With both . . . and, etc.
c In comparisons
d In lists, headings, outlines
17 Variety and Details
a Sentence length
b Sentence structure
c Details
18 Appropriate and Exact Words
a Appropriate words
b Exact words
19 Completeness
a Compounds
b Needed words
20 Conciseness
a Focusing on subject and verb
b Cutting empty words
c Cutting repetition
d Tightening clauses and phrases
e Revising there is or it is
f Combining sentences
g Avoiding jargon
Part 4: Sentence Parts and Patterns
Basic Grammar
21 Parts of Speech
22 The Sentence
23 Phrases and Subordinate Clauses
24 Sentence Types
Verbs
25 Forms
a Irregular verbs
b Sit/set; lie/lay; rise/raise
c -s and -ed forms
d Helping verbs
e Verb + gerund or infinitive
f Verb + particle
26 Tense
a Present tense: sing
b Perfect tenses: have/had/will have sung
c Progressive tenses: is/was/will be singing
d Consistency
e Sequence
27 Mood
a Subjunctive: I wish I were
b Consistency
28 Voice
a Active vs. passive
b Consistency
29 Subject-Verb Agreement
a -s and -es endings
b Intervening words
c Subjects with and
d Subjects with or or nor
e Everyone and other indefinite pronouns
f Team and other collective nouns
g Who, which, that
h News and other singular nouns ending in -s
i Verb preceding subject
j Is, are, and other linking verbs
k Titles; words being defined
Pronouns
30 Case
a She and I vs. her and me
b It was she vs. It was her
c Who vs. whom
d Other constructions
31 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
a Antecedents with and
b Antecedents with or or nor
c Everyone, person, and other indefinite words
d Team and other collective nouns
32 Pronoun Reference
a Clear reference
b Close reference
c Specific reference
d Appropriate you
e Consistency
Modifiers
33 Adjectives and Adverbs
a Adjective vs. adverb
b Adjective with linking verb: felt bad
c Comparisons
d Double negatives
e Participles: boring vs. bored
f A, an, the; other determiners
34 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
a Misplaced modifiers
b Dangling modifiers
Sentence Faults
35 Sentence Fragments
a Tests
b Revision
c Acceptable fragments
36 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
a Main clauses without and, but, etc.
b Main clauses with however, for example, etc.
37 Mixed Sentences
a Mixed meaning
b Tangled grammar
c Repeated subjects and other parts
Part 5: Punctuation
38 End Punctuation
a Period
b Question mark
c Exclamation point
39 Comma
a Main clauses with and, but, etc.
b Introductory elements
c Nonessential elements
d Items in series
e Two or more adjectives
f Dates, addresses, etc.
g With quotations
h Misuses
40 Semicolon
a Main clauses without and, but, etc.
b Main clauses with however, for example, etc.
c Main clauses or series items with commas
d Misuses
41 Colon
a Concluding explanation, series, etc.
b Salutation; title and subtitle; time
c Misuses
42 Apostrophe
a Possession
b Misuses
c Contractions
d Plural abbreviations, etc.
43 Quotation Marks
a Direct quotations
b Within a quotation
c Titles of works
d Words used in a special sense
e Misuses
f With other punctuation
44 Other Marks
a Dash or dashes
b Parentheses
c Ellipsis mark
d Brackets
e Slash
Part 6: Spelling and Mechanics
45 Spelling
46 Hyphen
47 Capital Letters
48 Italics or Underlining
49 Abbreviations
50 Numbers
Part 7: Research and Documentation
51 Research Strategy
a Planning
b Research journal
c Subject and question
d Goals for sources
e Working, annotated bibliography
52 Finding Sources
a Your library's Web site
b Searching electronically
c Reference works
d Books
e Periodicals
f The Web
g Other online sources
h Government publications
i Images, audio, and video
j Your own sources
53 Working with Sources
a Evaluating sources
b Synthesizing sources
c Gathering information
d Using summary, paraphrase, quotation
e Integrating sources
54 Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources
a Plagiarism and the Internet
b What not to acknowledge
c What must be acknowledged
d Online sources
e Documenting sources
55 Writing the Paper
a Focusing and organizing
b Drafting; revising; formatting
56 MLA Documentation and Format
a Parenthetical text citations
b List of works cited
c Format of paper
d sample MLA Paper
57 APA Documentation and Format
a Parenthetical text citations
b List of references
c Format of paper
d sample APA paper
Glossary of Usage
Answers to Selected Exercises
Index
