Perspectives On Argument - 3rd edition

The most important purpose of Argument is to teach students strategies for critical reading, critical thinking, research, and writing that will help them participate in all types of argument both inside and outside of the classroom. A basic assumption is that argument exists everywhere and that students need to learn to participate productively in all forms of argument, including those they encounter in school, at home, on the job, and in the national and international spheres. Such participation is critical not only in a democratic society but also in a global society, in which issues become more and more complex each year. Students who use this book will learn to identify controversial topics that are ''at issue,'' to read and form reactions and opinions of their own, and to write argument papers that express their individual views and perspectives.

A central idea of this text is that modern argument is not always polarized as right or wrong, but that instead it often invites a variety of perspectives on an issue. Another idea, equally important, is that not all argument results in the declaration of winners. The development of common ground and either consensus or compromise are sometimes as acceptable as declaring winners in argument. Students will learn to take a variety of approaches to argument, including taking a position and defending it, seeking common ground at times, withholding opinion at other times, negotiating when necessary, and even changing their original
beliefs when they can no longer make a case for them. The perspectives and abilities taught here are those that an educated populace in a world community needs to coexist cooperatively and without constant destructive conflict.

SPECIAL FEATURES

Both instructors and students who pick up Argument have the right to ask how it differs from some of the other argument texts that are presently available. They deserve to know why they might want to use this book instead of another. This text, which is targeted for first-year and second-year students enrolled in argument or argument and literature classes in two-year and four-year colleges, is both a reader and a rhetoric. Within this reader and rhetoric format are a number of special features that, when taken together, make the book unique.

• Reading, critical thinking, and writing are taught as integrated and interdependent processes. Comprehensive chapters on the reading and writing processes show how they can be adapted to argument. Extensive instruction in critical reading and critical thinking appear throughout. Assignments and questions that invite critical reading, critical thinking, and original argumentative writing appear at the end of every chapter in ''The Rhetoric'' and at the end of every section of ''The Reader.''
• Cross-gender and cross-cultural communication styles are presented in a unique chapter that provides for a classroom in which every student can find a voice. Students learn to identify and develop their own unique styles of argument and to recognize how their styles may have been influenced by family background, gender, ethnic background, or country of origin. Also included are international students' perspectives on the argument styles of their countries. Many readings in the book are by authors of varied cultural and ethnic backgrounds.
• Explanations of the elements and structure of argument include the Toulmin model of argument, the classical modes of appeal, the traditional categories of claims derived from classical stasis theory, and the rhetorical situation. Theory is integrated and translated into language that students can easily understand and apply. For example, students learn to apply theory to recognize and analyze the parts of an argument while reading and to develop and structure their own ideas while writing.
• Audience analysis includes the concepts of the familiar and the unfamiliar audience as well as Chaim Perelman's concept of the universal audience.
• Productive invention strategies help students develop ideas for papers.
• Library and online research is presented as a creative activity that students are invited to enjoy. Workable strategies for research and note taking are provided.
• Students are taught to document researched argument papers according to both MLA and APA style. Exercises, class projects, and writing assignments at the ends of the chapters invite individual, small group, and whole class participation. Collaborative exercises encourage small groups of students to engage in critical thinking, and whole class projects invite students to participate in activities that require an understanding of argument.Classroom-tested writing assignments include the exploratory paper; which teaches students to explore an issue from several different perspectives; the position paper based on ''The Reader,'' which teaches students to incorporate readily available source material from ''The Reader'' in their first position paper; the researched position paper, which teaches students to locate outside research, evaluate it, and use it to develop an issue of their own choosing; and the Rogerian argument paper, which teaches students an alternative strategy that relies on establishing common ground with the audience. Examples of student papers are provided for each major type of paper. The writing assignments in this book are models for assignments that students are likely to encounter in their other classes.
• Summary charts at the end of the rhetoric section present the main points of argument in a handy format. They also integrate the reading and writing processes for argument by placing strategies for both side by side and showing the interconnections.
• A total of 124 different readings in the rhetoric section and ''The Reader'' provide students with multiple perspectives on the many issues presented throughout the book. Twelve of these readings are argument papers written by students.
• The readings in ''The Reader'' are clustered under eighteen subissues that are related to the seven major general issue areas that organize ''The Reader.'' This helps students focus and narrow broad issues. Furthermore, the readings in each subissue group ''talk'' to each other, and questions invite students to join the conversation.

NEW TO THIS EDITION

• New five-part organization creates clearer assignment sequences, more immediate application of theory, and more flexibility for instructors. The three chapters on the research paper now follow the three chapters on argument theory, which encourages the use of theory in writing the research paper. The stand-alone chapters on Rogerian argument and argument and literature appear in Part Four and can be taught at any point in the course.
• Improved explanations, clearer assignments, and new examples of the exploratory argument paper and the Rogerian argument paper appear in Chapters 4 and 11.
• Revised and improved assignments and assignment sequences that have been classroom-tested repeatedly appear at the end of every chapter. Less productive assignments have been deleted.
• Earlier and more complete information on incorporating and documenting sources, and using electronic sources in particular, appear in Chapters 4 and 11.
• Information on how to evaluate online sources has been added to the research section of Chapter 9.
• More than half (65) of the 124 essays in the book are new. Three-fourths (57) of the 75 essays in ''The Reader'' are new.
• Four new issue areas explore issues associated with the family, computers, race and culture, and genetic engineering.
• Thirteen new issue questions, each accompanied by sets of three to seven essays that provide different perspectives on the questions, appear in ''The Reader.'' These questions include, ''How Do Men's and Women's Ideas about Themselves Influence the Roles They Play in Their Families?'' ''What Are Some Variations on the Traditional Family? How Effective Are These Variations?'' ''What Can Be Done to Improve Schools?'' ''How Should We Treat Convicted Criminals?'' ''Do Violent Video Games and Books Cause Young People to Commit Crime?'' ''How Are Computers Changing the Culture?'' ''How Are Computers Changing Their Users?'' ''How Are Computers Changing Education?'' ''How Do Race and Culture Contribute to an Individual's Sense of Identity?'' ''How Close Has America Come to Achieving Racial Equality?'' ''To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Agriculture?'' ''To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Animals?'' and ''To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Humans?''
• Four new examples of student writing provide models for an issue proposal and three new Rogerian argument papers, including a Rogerian response paper.
• New essays for analysis have been added to Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
• New examples of summary and response appear in Chapter 3.
• More immediate connections between theory and practice are now included in Chapters 5, 6, and 7; in them, new assignments teach students to use the Toulmin model, the claim questions, and the proofs to generate material for argument papers.
• Streamlined Chapters 8, 9,10 now function as one long assignment that culminates in the researched position paper.

ORGANIZATION
The book is organized into five parts and, as much as possible, chapters have been written so that they stand alone. Instructors may thus assign them either in sequence or in a more preferred order to supplement their own course organization.

Part One: Engaging with Argument for Reading and Writing. This part introduces students to issues and the characteristics of argument in Chapter 1, helps them begin to develop a personal style of argument in Chapter 2, and provides them with processes for reading and writing argument in Chapters 3 and 4. Writing assignments include the issue proposal, the argument style paper, the analysis of the rhetorical situation paper, the summary-response paper, and the exploratory paper.

Part Two: Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading and Writing. This part identifies and explains the parts of an argument according to Stephen Toulmin's model of argument in Chapter 5, explains the types of claims and purposes for argument in Chapter 6, and presents the types of proofs along with clear examples and tests for validity in Chapter 7. Writing assignments include the Toulmin analysis and the position paper based on '''The Reader.''

Part Three: Writing a Research Paper That Presents an Argument. This part teaches students to write a claim, clarify purpose, and analyze the audience in Chapter 8, to use various creative strategies for inventing ideas and gathering research materials in Chapter 9, and to organize, write, revise, and prepare the final manuscript for a researched position paper in Chapter 10. Methods for locating and using resource materials in the library and online are presented in Chapters 9 and 10. An Appendix to Chapter 10 provides full instruction for documenting sources using both MLA and APA styles.

Part Four: Further Applications: Rogerian Argument/Argument and Literature. This part explains Rogerian argument in Chapter 11 as an alternative to traditional argument and as an effective method for building common ground and resolving differences. Chapter 12 suggests ways to apply argument theory to reading and writing about literature. Writing assignments include Rogerian argument papers and papers about argument and literature. A summary exercise in the Appendix to Chapter 11 invites students to review and synthesize argument theory as they analyze and respond to a well-known classic argument.

Part Five: The Reader. This part is organized around the broad issues concerning families, education, crime and the treatment of criminals, computers, race and culture in America, genetic engineering, and social responsibility. Strategies and questions to help students explore issues and move from reading and discussion to writing are also included.

THE INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL AND COMPANION WEBSITE

In preparing the Instructor's Manual, my co-contributors and I have included chapter-by-chapter suggestions for using the book in both the traditional and the computer classroom. We have also included sample syllabi. Three instructors have written day-by-day teaching journals, in which they detail how they worked with this book in class and how the students responded. Also included in the manual are strategies for teaching students to use electronic databases, the Internet, and other resources for conducting online and library research. Another chapter suggests how student argument papers can be developed with the help of tutors in a writing center and by online MOOs and chat groups. A set of class handouts ready for photocopying is also provided. Copies of this manual may be obtained from your Prentice Hall representative.

A Companion Website for Perspectives on Argument can be accessed at http://www.prenhall.com/wood. Beth Break is the author of this site.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My greatest debt is to my husband, James A. Wood, who has also taught and written about argument. He helped me work out my approach to argument by listening to me, by discussing my ideas, and by contributing ideas of his own. The process renewed my faith in peer groups and writing conferences. Most writers, I am convinced, profit from talking through their ideas with someone else. I was lucky to find someone so knowledgeable and generous with his time and insights.

I also owe a debt to the first-year English program at The University of Texas at Arlington. When I joined the department a few years ago, I found myself caught up in the ideas and controversies of this program. It provided me with much of the interest and motivation to write this book.

For the past several years, I have trained the graduate teaching assistants in our department who teach argument. An exceptionally alert group of these students volunteered to meet with me and recommend revisions for this third edition. They include Nicole Siek, Christine Flynn Cavanaugh, Vera Csorvasi, Martha Villagomez, Barbara Saurer, Sara Latham, Vannetta Causey, Donna Brown, Kody Lightfoot, Beth Brunk, and Chris Murray Graduate students, many of whom are now faculty members elsewhere, who have contributed recommendations for revisions in earlier editions and that remain a part of the third
edition include Leslie Snow, Samantha Masterton, Lynn Atkinson, J. T. Martin, Kimberly Ellison, Corri Wells, Steve Harding, Barbara Chiarello, Collin G. Brooke, Tracy Bessire, Cheryl Brown, Matthew Levy, Alan Taylor, and Deborah Reese. I hope they will be pleased when they see that I have followed many of their suggestions for improvement. Many other graduate teaching assistants in our program have also taught with this book and have made useful recommendations and suggestions. I am grateful to them for their insight and enthusiasm.

I am also indebted to other colleagues and friends who have helped me with this book. The late James Kinneavy is the originator of the exploratory paper as it is taught in this book. Audrey Wick, Director of First Year English at our university and a seasoned teacher of argument, has provided me with much counsel and advice, including one of her favorite class projects, the literary debate that appears at the end of Chapter 12 on argument and literature. My colleague Tim Morris helped me think through some of the ideas in Chapter 12, and he provided me with many excellent examples of poems and other literary works
that make arguments. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Nicole Siek and Sara Latham, who joined me in reading and voting on all of the new essays in the third edition. I have only included those that survived our joint scrutiny. Christine Flynn Cavanaugh helped locate examples of online research and made recommendations for evaluating such material. Beth Brunk, Corri Wells, Steve Newton, Deborah Reese, Brad McAdon, Samantha Masterton, and Leslie Snow have all either provided chapters or have co-authored chapters in the Instructor's Manual. Beth Brunk formatted and typed it. It has been a constant
pleasure to work with these bright, energetic, and creative colleagues, and I am grateful to all of them for the contributions they have made to this third edition.

I wish I had the space to acknowledge by name the many students from argument classes, including my own, who read the first and second editions and made recommendations for this third edition. Some of them also contributed their own essays to be used as examples, and their names appear on their work. I paid particularly close attention to these student's comments, and I know their suggestions and contributions have made this a better book for other argument students throughout the country.

At Prentice Hall, my greatest debt is to Phil Miller, President, Humanities and Social Sciences, who got me started with this project. I also thank Vivian Garcia, Assistant Development Editor, who was immensely helpful throughout the project, and Leah Jewell, editor in chief. These individuals provided excellent help with all of the various stages of writing and final editing. Thanks also to Brandy Dawson, Marketing Manager, who has always encouraged me along the way. Shelly Kupperman, Senior Production Editor, did her usual impressive and conscientious job of seeing the book through all phases of production.
Bruce Emmer and Diane Garvey Nesin provided outstanding editorial suggestions. Fred Courtright obtained the permissions for this edition. I have felt fortunate to work with such conscientious, reliable, and capable professionals.

I am also indebted to John Schaeffer and the faculty of Blinn College who volunteered suggestions for revisions--and I was able to incorporate all of them. Bob Esch at the University of Texas at El Paso has been generous with his comments and observations, and he has also sent me suggestions for essays for this third edition. I also want to acknowledge the many instructors and students around the country who have e-mailed observations and suggestions for improvement. It a special treat to receive e-mail from people who are using the book and have ideas for improving it.

Other colleagues around the country provided additional ideas and recommended changes that have helped improve the first, second, and third editions. They include Margaret W. Batschelet, University of Texas at San Antonio; Linda D. Bensel-Meyers, University of Tennessee; Gregory Clark, Brigham Young University; Dan Damesville, Tallahassee Community College; Alexander Friedlander, Drexel University; William S. Hockman, University of Southern Colorado; James Kinneavy, University of Texas at Austin; Elizabeth Metzger, University of South Florida; Margaret Dietz Meyer, Ithaca College; Susan Padgett, North Lake College; Randall L. Popken, Tarleton State University; William E. Sheidley, United States Air Force Academy; Diane M. Thiel, Florida International University; Jennifer Welsh, University of Southern California; Shannon Martin, Elizabethtown Community College; Keith Rhodes, Northwest Missouri State University; Kim Donehower, University of Maryland; Lynce Lewis Gaillet, Georgia State University; Carol David, Iowa State University; and Sue Preslar, University of North Carolina, Charlotte. I am grateful to them for the time and care they took reviewing the manuscript.

Finally, I thank all of you who use this book. I would like to hear about your experiences with it, and I am especially interested in your ideas for improving the chapters and readings. My e-mail address is woodnv@uta.edu.

This book has been a genuinely collaborative effort, and I expect that it will continue to be. I hope students will profit from the example and learn to draw on the expertise of their instructors and classmates to help them write their papers. Most writing is more fun and more successful when it is, at least partly, a social process.

N.V.W

THE RHETORIC:

I. ENGAGING WITH ARGUMENT FOR READING AND WRITING.

II. UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF ARGUMENT FOR READING AND WRITING.

III. WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER THAT PRESENTS AN ARGUMENT.

IV. FURTHER APPLICATIONS: ROGERIAN ARGUMENT; ARGUMENT AND LITERATURE.

THE READER.

Introduction to ''The Reader'': Reading and Writing about Issue Areas.

I. Issues Concerning Families.

1. How Do Men's and Women's Ideas about Themselves Influence the Roles They Play in Their Families?

2. What Are Some Variations on the Traditional Family? How Effective Are These Variations?

II. Issues in Education.

1. What Should Schools Teach?

2. What Can Be Done to Improve Schools?

3. What Are Some of the Problems with Grading/Evaluating Learning?

III. Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals.

1. How Should We Treat Convicted Criminals?

2. What Should Be Done with Young Offenders?

3. Do Violent Video Games and Books Cause Young People to Commit Crime?

IV. Issues Concerning Computers.

1. How Are Computers Changing the Culture?

2. How Are Computers Changing Their Users?

3. How Are Computers Changing Education?

V. Issues Concerning Race and Culture in America.

1. How Do Race and Culture Contribute to an Individual's Sense of Identity?

2. How Close Has America Come to Achieving Racial Equality?

VI. Issues Concerning Genetic Engineering.

1. To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Agriculture?

2. To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Animals?

3. To What Extent Should Genetic Engineering Be Applied to Humans?

VII. Issues Concerning Responsibility.

1. Who Should Be Responsible for the Children?

2. Who Should Be Responsible for the Poor?

Topic Index.
Author-Title Index.