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Table of Contents **Each Chapter ends with a Summary.** Preface Acknowledgements About the Authors CHAPTER 1: POLICE IN A DEMOCRACY Policing a Free Society Police and Government Police and Rule of Law Police, Terrorism, and Homeland Security Police Systems The U.S. Police System Other Types of Law Enforcement Agencies Similarities and Differences Police Role and Purpose Law Enforcement or Politics? Crime Fighting or Social Service? Proactive or Reactive? Police Activities and Workload Police Goals and Strategies Looking Ahead CHAPTER 2: POLICE HISTORY Foundations of Policing Early Policing Policing in Nineteenth-Century England The Emergence of Modern Policing in the United States The First City Police Forces The County Sheriff Vigilance Committees Modern American Policing The Political Era Police Development Criticism in the Political Era The Reform Era Minority Perspective on the Development of American Police State Police Texas and Massachusetts Pennsylvania Highway Patrol Federal Law Enforcement The Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Marshal Service Postal Inspectors The Federal Bureau of Investigation CHAPTER 3: LEGAL ISSUES Criminal Procedure Searches and Seizures or Persons Searches and Seizures of Property Interrogations and Confessions Civil Liability Costs of Liability in Policing Avenues of Liability Civil Liability in State Courts Civil Liability in Federal Courts Emerging Liability Issues for the Twenty-First Century Use of Force Impact on Officers CHAPTER 4: COMMUNITY POLICING Evolving Strategies of Policing Early Forms of Community Policing Police-Community Relations Crime Prevention Team Policing Foot Patrol and Broken Windows Community Policing Elements of Community Policing The Philosophical Dimension The Strategic Dimension The Tactical Dimension Implementing Community Policing Positive Indications Questions and Doubts Evaluating Community Policing Community Policing Today CHAPTER 5: POLICE MANAGEMENT The Managerial Process The Development of Police Management Classical Police Management Behavioral Police Management Contemporary Police Management Organizational Design Restructuring and Community Policing Implementation: Fact or Fiction? Criticisms of the Paramilitary Design Increasing Influence of Police Paramilitary Units Broken Windows and Zero-Tolerance Policing Compstat, Police Legitimacy, and Procedural Justice Police Goals and Organizational Performance Impact of Supervisory Styles on Officer Behavior Measuring Police Performance Changing Performance Measures CHAPTER 6: ORGANIZATION AND CHANGE The Change Process Resistance to Change Overcoming Resistance to Change The Madison Experience Laying the Foundation Key Elements to Change Results from Madison The Chicago Experience Laying the Foundation Key Elements to Change Results from Chicago Lessons Learned from Madison and Chicago Job Redesign and Community Policing Changing Officer Performance Measures Innovation Compstat as a Change Process Police Departments as Learning Organizations Organizational Learning Police-Researcher Partnerships Utilize Middle Managers CHAPTER 7: SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT Recruitment Recruitment Methods Targeting Females and Minorities Targeting the Service Oriented Cop Crunch Selection Preemployment Standards General Suitability Preemployment Testing Written Exams and Performance Too Smart for Policing? Development Recruit Training Community Policing Training Terrorism-Related Training Field Training Career Growth CHAPTER 8: FIELD OPERATIONS The Patrol Function Historical Development Patrol Methods Use of Patrol Methods Selected Research on Patrol Operations Random Patrol Response Time Differential Response to Calls Focused Interventions Proactive Arrests and Crackdowns Guns and Gang Violence Policing Disorder: Zero-Tolerance and Quality-of-Life Policing Problem Oriented Policing Focused on Disorder Juvenile Curfews Reactive Arrests and Intimate Partner Violence Police Pursuits The Investigative Function Historical Development Selected Research on Investigative Operations Investigative Effectiveness Career Criminal Programs Bias Crime Programs Detective-Patrol Relationships Enticement and Entrapment CHAPTER 9: BEHAVIOR AND MISCONDUCT Perspectives of Police Behavior Universalistic Perspectives Particularistic Perspectives Socialization Versus Predisposition Classic Studies of Police Behavior Violence and the Police Justice Without Trial Varieties of Police Behavior City Police Working the Street: Police Discretion Decision Making and Police Discretion Organizational Variables Neighborhood Variables Situational Variables Individual (Officer) Variables Police Deviance Types of Deviance and Misconduct The Prevalence of Police Deviance The Trouble With Gratuities Deviant Officers The Persistence of Corruption Police Sexual Misconduct The Drug War and Police Deviance CHAPTER 10: FORCE AND COERCION Police-Citizen Interactions Context of Force National Estimates on Police Use of Force Use of Force Learning to Use Force Training Areas of Training Police Culture and the Use of Force Controversy and the Use of Force Inappropriate Force Brutality and Excessive Force Physical and Psychological Force in Police History Frequency of Excessive Force and Brutality Brutality in the Twenty-First Century Deadly Force Individual and Situational Factors Environmental and Departmental Variations Racial Considerations Legal and Policy Changes CHAPTER 11: ACCOUNTABILITY AND ETHICS Internal Accountability Mechanisms Bureaucratic Organization and Management Internal Investigation Issues in Internal Investigations Early Warning/Early Identification Systems Effectiveness of Internal Investigations External Accountability Mechanisms Civilian Review Police Auditor Systems Legal Control The Limits of Oversight Mechanisms Professional Standards The Police Professionalization Movement Criteria of Police Professionalization Ethical Standards Ethical Perspectives Ethical Dilemmas The Limits of Professional and Ethical Standards CHAPTER 12: DIVERSITY Racial Minorities in Policing Unequal Treatment Performance of African American Police Women in Policing Unequal Treatment Performance of Women Officers Affirmative Action Equal Employment Opportunity Reverse Discrimination Increasing Diversity in Police Departments Promotional Opportunities Integration of Minorities and Women Into Policing Police Culture Structural Characteristics Pregnancy and Maternity Sexual Harassment Future Prospects CHAPTER 13: STRESS AND OFFICER SAFETY The Concept of Stress Occupational Stress Overview of Stressors Police Stressors Emerging Sources of Stress Line-of-Duty and Crisis Situations Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Shift Work Social Supports and Police Stress Consequences of Stress Alcohol Abuse Drug Abuse Suicide Marital and Family Problems Policies and Programs Officer Safety Danger and Police Work Safety and the Mentally Ill Improving Safety and Reducing Fatalities CHAPTER 14: HIGHER EDUCATION The Development of Higher Education Programs for Police Federal Programs and Support for Higher Education Quality of Higher Education Programs Higher Education Requirements for Police Police Chiefs, Promotion, and Higher Education The Impact of Higher Education on Policing Higher Education and Attitudes Higher Education and Performance Use of Force and Liability Leadership and Promotion Other Significant Findings Summary of Higher Education Findings and Directions for Future Research Higher Education and Job Satisfaction Higher Education, Community Policing, and Terrorism Police Executives' Views on Higher Education Chief's Scholar Program Validating Higher Education for Police Higher Education as a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Higher Education and Discrimination Higher Education Incentive Programs Higher Education Requirements and Policy Implications CHAPTER 15: EMERGING ISSUES Changes in American Society The Aging Population Diversity Economics Immigration and Migration Modern Problems Racial Profiling Immigration Enforcement Eyewitness Identification Persons With Mental Illness Cyber Crime Modern Technology Suspect Control and Officer Safety Crime Detention and Crime Solving Information Technology Communications and Interoperability Social Media Long-Term Trends Collaboration Privatization Federalization Militarization Globalization Competing Police Strategies Terrorism and Homeland Security Compstat and Performance Management COP, POP, and ILP Glossary of Key Terms Index
