CHAPTER 1 PLANET EARTH: ROCKS, LIFE, AND ENERGY
The Formation of the Universe
Differentiation of the Earth into Layers
Formation of the Oceans and the Atmosphere
Rocks and Minerals
Rocks as Natural Resources
Ores and Metals
Mineral Reserves
The Origin of Life on Earth
The Uniqueness of the Earth
The Environment
Ecosystems
The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
Concentration Units
Nutrient Cycles
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 2 EARTH'S SOIL AND AGRICULTURE
Feeding the Earth's People
Population Growth
The Development of Modern Agriculture
Soil
Plant Nutients
Mixed Fertilizers
The Use of Synthetic Inorganic Fertilizers
Organic Fertilizers
New Varieties of Crop Plants
Future Farming: Less Reliance on Agricultural Chemicals
Can We Feed Tomorrow's World?
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 3 THE EARTH'S ATMOSHPERE
The Major Layers in the Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Energy Balance
Units Used to Describe Atmospheric Chemistry
Global Warming and Climate Change
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 4 CHEMISTRY OF THE TROPOSPHERE
Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
CO
NOx
VVOCs
Automobile Pollutants and the Catalytic Converter
SO2
Industrial Smog
Photochemical Smog
Temperature Inversions and Smog
Regulating Air pollution
Indoor Air Pollution
CHAPTER 5 CHEMISTRY OF THE STRATOSPHERE
Dobson Unit
The Production of Ozone in the Stratosphere
Determining the Steady-State Concentration of Ozone
Catalytic Destruction of Ozone
Depletion of the Protective Ozone Layer in the Stratosphere
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF AIR AND AIR POLLUTANTS
In Situ Absorption Measurements
IR Spectrometry
Infrared Vibrational Frequencies
Remote Measurements of Atmospheric Composition
Monitoring Automotive Emissions
Monitoring Emissions from Stationary Sources
Monitoring SO2 Emissions
Particulate Emissions
Monitoring Particulate Emissions
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 7 WATER RESOURCES
Distribution of Water on the Earth
The Composition of Natural Waters
The Hydrologic Cycle: Recycling and Purification
The Unique Properties of Water
Acid Rain
Acid Mine Drainage
Water Use and Water Shortages
Water Management and Conservation
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 8 WATER POLLUTION AND WATER TREATMENT
Types of Water Pollutants
Disease-Causing Agents
Oxygen-Consuming Wastes
Plant Nutrients
Suspended Solids and Sediments
Dissolved Solids
Thermal Pollution
Pollution of Groundwater
Sewage Treatment
Regulation of Water Quality
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 9 ANALYSIS OF WATER AND WASTEWATER
Sampling Methods
Types of Water Pollutants
Disease-Causing Agents
Oxygen-Consuming Wastes
Plant Nutrients
Dissolved Solids
Alkalinity
Ion Chromatography
Radioactive Substances
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 10 FOSSIL FUELS
Energy Use: A Historical Overview
Energy and Power
Energy from Fuels
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Electricity
Sequestering CO2
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 11 NUCLEAR POWER
The Nature of Natural Radioactivity
The Half-Life of Radioisotopes
The Harmful Effects of Radiation on Humans
Everyday Exposure to Radiation
Uses of Radioisotopes
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Energy
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 12 ENERGY SOURCES FOR THE FUTURE
Energy-Efficient Lighting
Solar Energy
Energy from Biomass
Wind Power
Geothermal Energy
Water Power
Tidal Power
Energy from Hydrogen Gas
Fuel Cells
Clean Cars for the Future
Energy Sources for the 21st Century
CHAPTER 13 TOXICOLOGY
What Is Meant by Toxic?
Types and Routes of Exposure
Routes of Administration
Dose and Response
Human Exposure to Toxic Substances
Excretion of Chemicals from the Body
Teratogens, Mutagens, and Carcinogens
Nucleic Acids
Protein Synthesis
The Genetic Code
Ames Test
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 14 INORGANIC METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals
Toxic Metals
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 15 ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Polychlorinated Hydrocarbons
Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) Pollutants
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient
Using the EPA's PBT Profiler
Analysis of POPs in Environmental Samples
References
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 16 INSECTICIDES, HERBICIDES AND INSECT CONTROL
Organophosphates
Carbamates
The Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Analysis of Organophosphate Insecticides in Water
GC Using a FPD
Herbicides
Problems with Synthetic Pesticides
Alternative Methods of Insect Control
Biological Controls
Sterilization
Future Farming: Less Reliance on Agricultural Chemicals
New Varieties of Crop Plants
Can We Feed Tomorrow's World?
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 17 ASBESTOS
Silicates
Three-Dimensional Networks and Sheets
Long-Chain Silicates: Asbestos
Amphiboles
Serpentines: Chrysotile
Physical Properties of Asbestos Minerals
Thermal Properties of Asbestos
Chemical Resistance of Asbestos
Asbestos Diseases
Respiratory System
Fiber Drift
Regulation of Asbestos
Analytical Methods that Identify Asbestos Fibers
Asbestos Litigation
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
CHAPTER 18 THE DISPOSAL OF DANGEROUS WASTES
Careless Waste Disposal in the Past
Defining Solid Waste
Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste
The Problem of Hazardous Waste
RCRA: Regulation of Hazardous Waste
Sources of Hazardous Waste
Policy for Management and Disposal of Hazardous Waste
Waste Minimization: Process Manipulation, Recycling, and Reuse
Conversion of Hazardous Waste to a Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Form
Perpetual Storage of Hazardous Waste
EPA Methods for Testing Solid Waste
The Unsolved Problem
Superfund: Cleaning Hazardous Waste Dumpsites
Superfund Analytical Methods
Radioactive Waste
The Legacy from the Past
Regulation of Radioactive Waste Disposal
Technologies for Radioactive Waste Disposal
The Post-Cold War Challenge
Additional Sources of Information
Keywords
Questions and Problems
APPENDICES
A SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS, KSP
B DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS FOR ACIDS AND BASES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AT 25° C
C STANDARD REDOX POTENTIALS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
D CARBON COMPOUNDS: AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
E ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED QUESTIONS
