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Table of Contents
Preface
1 Introduction to Public Speaking 1
Why Study Public Speaking? 4
Public Speaking and Conversation 5
The Communication Process 7
The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking 9
Public Speaking and Diversity 10
Speech Preparation Activity 1.1: Listen to a Speech 13
Speech Preparation Activity 1.2: Analyze a Speech 15
2 Overview of the Speechmaking Process 17
Improving Your Confidence as a Speaker 20
Preparing Your First Speech: An Overview of the Speechmaking Process 25
Speech Preparation Activity 2.1: Become a Confident Speaker 37
Speech Preparation Activity 2.2: Demographic Analysis Worksheet 39
Speech Preparation Activity 2.3: Conducting an Attitudinal Audience Analysis 41
3 Ethics and Free Speech 43
Speaking Freely 47
Speaking Ethically 48
Listening Ethically 53
Speech Preparation Activity 3.1: Ethics and Public Speaking 57
4 Listening 59
Stages in Listening 62
Barriers to Effective Listening 65
Becoming a Better Listener 68
Improving Your Note-Taking Skills 72
Listening and Critical Thinking 74
Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches 74
Speech Preparation Activity 4.1: Rank Your Listening Barriers 79
5 Analyzing Your Audience 81
Becoming an Audience-Centered Speaker 84
What Is Audience Analysis? 84
Analyzing Your Audience Before You Speak 86
Adapting to Your Audience As You Speak 97
Analyzing Your Audience After You Speak 100
Speech Preparation Activity 5.1: Audience Adaptation Exercise 103
6 Developing Your Speech 105
Select and Narrow Your Topic 108
Determine Your Purpose 115
Develop Your Central Idea 119
Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas 121
Meanwhile, Back at the Computer... 124
Speech Preparation Activity 6.1: Using Your Experience to Select a Topic 127
Speech Preparation Activity 6.2: Brainstorming Topics 129
Speech Preparation Activity 6.3: Narrowing Your Topic and Determining Your Purpose 131
7 Gathering Supporting Material 133
Personal Knowledge and Experience 136
The Internet 136
Library Resources 142
Interviews 148
Resources From Special-Interest Groups and Organizations 151
Research Strategies 152
Speech Preparation Activity 7.1: Using Five Key Research Sources 159
Speech Preparation Activity 7.2: Research Action Steps 161
8 Supporting Your Speech 163
Illustrations 166
Descriptions and Explanations 170
Definitions 172
Analogies 174
Statistics 176
Opinions 180
Selecting the Best Supporting Material 183
Speech Preparation Activity 8.1: Identifying Supporting Materials 185
Speech Preparation Activity 8.2: Supporting Materials for Your Speech 187
Speech Preparation Activity 8.3: Selecting Supporting Material 189
9 Organizing Your Speech 191
Organizing Your Main Ideas 195
Subdividing Your Main Ideas 202
Integrating Your Supporting Material 203
Organizing Your Supporting Material 205
Developing Signposts 207
Supplementing Signposts With Visual Aids 211
Speech Preparation Activity 9.1: Using Organizational Patterns 213
Speech Preparation Activity 9.2: Using Transitions 215
10 Introducing and Concluding Your Speech 217
Purposes of Introductions 220
Effective Introductions 224
Purposes of Conclusions 232
Effective Conclusions 235
Inspirational Appeals or Challenges 236
Speech Preparation Activity 10.1: Write Your Introduction 239
Speech Preparation Activity 10.2: Write Your Conclusion 241
11 Outlining Your Speech 243
Preparation Outline 246
Delivery Outline 249
Speech Preparation Activity 11.1: Writing Your Preparation Outline 253
Speech Preparation Activity 11.2: Writing Your Delivery Outline 255
12 Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style 257
Oral Versus Written Language Style 260
Using Words Effectively 262
Crafting Memorable Word Structures 267
Tips for Using Language Effectively 271
Speech Preparation Activity 12.1: Using Similes 273
13 Delivering Your Speech 275
Rehearsing Your Speech 278
Importance of Delivery 279
Methods of Delivery 281
Characteristics of Effective Delivery 285
Audience Diversity and Delivery 297
Rehearsing Your Speech: Some Final Tips 298
Delivering Your Speech 299
Adapting Your Speech Delivery for Television 301
Speech Preparation Activity 13.1: Impromptu Speaking 303
14 Visual Aids 305
Why Use Visual Aids? 308
Types of Visual Aids 310
Guidelines for Developing Visual Aids 320
Guidelines for Using Visual Aids 323
Speech Preparation Activity 14.1: Make a Visual Aid 329
15 Speaking to Inform 331
Goals of Informative Speaking 334
Types of Informative Speeches 335
Strategies for Informing Your Listener 341
Making Your Informative Speech Memorable 345
Speech Preparation Activity 15.1: Informative Speaking 351
16 Principles of Persuasive Speaking 353
What Is Persuasion? 357
Motivating Listeners 359
Developing Your Persuasive Speech 365
Putting Persuasive Principles into Practice 370
Speech Preparation Activity 16.1: Analyze a Controversial Topic 373
17 Strategies for Speaking Persuasively 375
Establishing Credibility 378
Using Logic and Evidence to Persuade 380
Using Emotion to Persuade 389
Strategies for Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas 394
Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages 397
Speech Preparation Activity 17.1: Persuasive Speaking: Problem-Solution Organization 405
Speech Preparation Activity 17.2: Persuasive Speaking: Refutation Organization 407
Speech Preparation Activity 17.3: Persuasive Speaking: Cause-and-Effect Organization 409
Speech Preparation Activity 17.4: Persuasive Speaking: The Motivated Sequence 411
18 Special-Occasion Speaking 413
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Public Speaking in the Workplace
Ceremonial Speaking
After-Dinner Speaking
19 Speaking in Small Groups 415
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Solving Problems in Groups
Tips for Participating in Small Groups
Using the Power of Technology in Groups
Leadership in Small Groups
Managing Meetings
Presenting Group Recommendations
Tips for Planning a Group Presentation
Epilogue
App. A The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric
App. B Suggested Speech Topics
App. C Preparing Visual Aids for Presentations
App. D Speeches for Analysis and Discussion
Notes
Index
