1. The Ancestors of the West
Origins, to ca. 3000 B.C.
Mesopotamia, 3000 B.C. to ca. 100 B.C.
Egypt, to ca. 1100 B.C.
Israel, ca. 1500-400 B.C.
Western Asia and the Levant, 1400-330 B.C.
2. Ancient Greece
Early Greece, to ca. 750 C.C.
Archaic Society and the Rise of Sparta, ca. 750-500 B.C.
Athens: Archaic Greece to the Classical Ideal, ca. 650-404 B.C.
Struggles for Hegemony
Culture: From Archaic to Classical Greece
Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic World, 323-30 B.C.
3. Rome: From Republic to Empire, ca. 509-44 B.C.
Before the Republic
Society and Culture of the Roman Republic
Government and Society in the Early and Middle Republic, ca. 509-133 B.C.
From Italian City-State to World Empire
The Revolution from the Gracchi to Caesar, 133-44 B.C.
4. Imperial Rome, 27 B.C.-A.D. 284
Augustus and the Principate, 27 B.C.-A.D. 68
The Roman Peace, A.D. 69-180
The Crisis of the Third Century, A.D. 180-284
Early Christianity
5. The World of Late Antiquity, ca. 300-600
Rebuilding the Roman Empire
The Fourth-Century Empire: An Illusory Stability
From Western Roman Empire to Germanic Kingdoms
The Roman Empire in the East
Christian Culture and Life
6. Early Medieval Civilizations, ca. 600-900
The Islamic East
The Byzantine Empire
Christian Kingdoms in the West
The World of Charlemagne
Early Medieval Economies and Societies
7. The Expansion of Europe, ca. 900-1150
Signs of Expansion
The Traditional Order of Society
Germany and the Empire
Shaping the Kingdom
The Growth of New States
Cultural Life in an Age of Expansion
A Clash of Cultures: The First Crusade
8. Medieval Civilization at Its Height, ca. 1150-1300
The Empire and the Papacy
The Evolution of Central Governments
Economic Life
Social and Religious Movements
The Height of Medieval Culture
Boniface VII and Philip IV: Crisis of Church and State, 1294-1302
9. The Transformation of Medieval Civilization, 1300-1500
The Crisis of the Western Christian Church
The Challenge to Medieval Governments
Formation of the Ottoman and Spanish Empires
Economy and Society
10. The Renaissance
Humanism and Culture in Italy, 1300-1500
The Arts in Italy, 1250-1550
The Spread of the Renaissance, 1350-1536
The Renaissance and Court Society
The Renaissance Papacy
11. Europe, the Old World and the New
The European Background, 1250-1492
Portuguese Voyages of Discovery, 1350-1515
Spanish Voyages of Discovery, 1492-1522
Spain's Colonial Empire, 1492-1600
The Columbian Exchange
12. The Age of the Reformation
The Reformation movements, ca. 1517-1545
The Empire of Charles V
The English Reformation, 1520-1603
Reform in Other States, 1523-1560
The Late Reformation, ca. 1545-1600
13. Europe in the Age of Religious War, 1555-1648
Society and the State
Imperial Spain and the Limits of Power
Religious and Political Crisis in France and England
The Holy Roman Empire and the Thirty Years' War
Society and Culture
14. Europe in the Age of Louis XIV, ca. 1610-1715
France in the Age of Absolutism
The English Revolution
New Powers in Central and Eastern Europe
The Rise of Overseas Trade
15. A Revolution in World-View
The Revolution in Astronomy
The Scientific Revolution Generalized
Science and Society
16. Europe on the Threshold of Modernity, ca. 1715-1789
The Enlightenment
European Rulers and European Society
States in Conflict
Economic Expansion and Social Change
17. Revolutionary Europe, 1789-1815
Background to Revolution
The French Revolution
The Napoleonic Era
The Impact of Revolution on France and the World
18. Restoration, Reform, and Revolution, 1814-1848
The Search for Stability: The Congress of Vienna
Ideological Confrontations
Restoration and Reform
The Revolutions of 1848
19. The Industrial Transformation of Europe, 1750-1850
Setting the Stage for Industrialization
Industrialization and European Production
The Transformation of Europe and Its Environment
Responses to Industrialization
20. New Powers and New Tensions, 1850-1880
The Changing Scope of International Relations
Italian Unification
German Unification
Precarious Supranational Empires
The Emergence of a Powerful United States, 1840-1880
Stability in Victorian Britain
France: From Empire to Republic
Russia and the Great Reforms
21. The Age of Optimism, 1850-1880
Industrial Growth and Acceleration
Changing Conditions Among Social Groups
Urban Problems and Solutions
Social and Political Initiatives
Culture in an Age of Optimism
22. Escalating Tensions, 1880-1914
From Optimism to Anxiety: Politics and Culture
The New Imperialism
The Democratic Powers
The Autocracies
The Coming War
23. War and Revolution, 1914-1919
The Unforeseen Stalemate, 1914-1917
The Experience of Total War
Two Revolutions in Russia; March and November, 1917
The New War and the Entente Victory, 1917-1918
The Outcome and the Impact
24. From Stability to Crisis, 1919-1939
Economy and Society in the Interwar
The Stalinist Revolution in the Soviet Union
Fascist Italy
Germany: From the Weimar Republic to National Socialism
Fascist Challenge and Antifascist Response
25. The Era of the Second World War, 1939-1949
The Coming of World War II, 1935-1939
The Victory of Nazi Germany, 1939-1941
The Assault on the Soviet Union and the Nazi New Order
A Global War, 1941-1944
The Shape of the Allied Victory, 1944-1945
Toward the Postwar World, 1945-1949
26. An Anxious Stability: The Age of the Cold War, 1949-1985
The Search for Cultural Bearings
The New Social Compact in Western Europe
Western Europe and the World
The Soviet Union and the Communist Bloc
Democracy and Its Discontents, 1968 and After
27. The West and the World in the Late Twentieth Century
Challenges of Affluence in the West
On the Ruins of the Communist System
Europe and the West After the Bipolar Peace
In the Shadow of History: The Experiment Continues
Conclusion: Western Civilization in a Global Age
